The present invention relates to a battery management system, a battery comprising the battery management system and a method for controlling discharge of at least one battery cell.

With the advanced development of electric vehicles (EV), in particular battery electric vehicles (BEV), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), in particular plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), high voltage battery packs become more and more common in vehicles like buses, trucks or passenger cars.

Typically, high voltage battery packs used in electric vehicles comprise 80 to 300 battery cells connected in series and are capable of supplying high voltages in a range between 400 V and 1000 V. In future applications, even higher voltages may be supplied by the high voltage battery packs. Such battery packs require a battery management system in order to measure cell voltages, perform cell balancing, and monitor the cell temperature for improving the available capacity of the battery pack and increase the individual longevity of each cell. Throughout this document, the terms “cell” or “battery cell” may refer to either a physical battery cell, or several physical battery cells electrically connected in parallel on a cell level.

For measuring and balancing a voltage of each of the cells (hereinafter also “cell voltage”), typically, a battery management system comprises specific integrated circuits, so called cell monitoring ICs. Fig. 1 shows an example of a known battery management system. One or more cell monitoring ICs are typically soldered onto a printed circuit board (PCB). Further, filter circuits, which are used to filter the cell voltages for added robustness against electromagnetic interference, and balancing resistors, which are used for discharging specific battery cells in order to balance the voltage between the battery cells, are placed on the PCB. Each of the one or more cell monitoring ICs typically measures between 6 and 25 cells connected in series, although higher numbers are possible. Depending on the used number and types of cell monitoring ICs, certain peripheral circuits, like a power supply (linear transistor, DCDC, or similar), a communication interface (transformer, capacitors, or similar) and/or other capacitors or resistors, become necessary. By soldering all those components on the PCB, the PCB becomes an assembled printed circuit board (PCBA) 4.

In order to connect the PCBA 4 electrically to the battery cells 1 of a battery pack, a connection is established by a harness 2. The harness 2 can, for example, be formed of a wiring harness with discrete wires (as schematically shown in Fig. 1), a PCB, or a flex circuit. The electrical connection of the harness 2 to the cells 1 is oftentimes accomplished by using welding, soldering, wirebonding, screwed connection, pressfit, or similar techniques. Oftentimes, a connector s is used to electrically connect the harness to the PCBA. Alternatively, the harness 2 may be connected to the PCBA 4 without a connector 3, instead using a screw connection, welding, soldering, or wirebonding.

For the purpose of temperature measurement, one or several temperature sensors 5, for example in form of NTC thermistors or PTC thermistors, can be used. The temperature sensors 5 are usually placed inside the battery pack with good thermal coupling to the cells. It is necessary to connect the temperature sensors to the electronics on the PCBA 4, in order to perform analog to digital conversion of the temperature input and communicate the temperatures to an external system 6, usually an electronic control unit of an electric vehicle, in which the battery pack is mounted. The temperature sensors 5 are typically connected to the PCBA 4 using a connector, which may be the same connector 3 or a different connector.

The temperature sensors 5 may be soldered onto the harness 2 directly. Instead of using a connector, temperature sensors of various kinds can be wired directly to the PCBA 4, or connected via welding or soldering. The voltage across the temperature sensor is sampled by the cell monitoring IC along with the cell voltage measurement. It is also possible to mount different cell monitoring ICs on the PCBA 4 for the temperature measurements and the cell voltage measurements, especially if temperatures of a lot of different cells need to be measured. The measured data, including the cell voltages and temperatures of the cells, is communicated digitally from the cell monitoring IC(s) to the external system 6.

However, due to the large dimensions of the PCBA 4, it is a problem that the conventional battery management systems have a high space requirement, and a high weight. Further the conventional battery management systems are relatively costly.

Accordingly, there is still a need to provide an improved battery management system with a simplified circuit structure, which allows to save space and weight when integrating the battery management system in a battery pack and to provide a cost-efficient assembly of the battery management system.

At least one of these objectives is solved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject matter of the dependent claims. The present disclosure is based on the idea to provide a battery management system comprising a control circuit, which is configured to monitor a voltage of at least one battery cell; and a connector circuit, which is configured to electrically connect the control circuit to the at least one battery cell. The control circuit is mounted on a first component carrier and comprises a first electronic interface having at least one contact for electrically connecting a mating contact of the connector circuit, and the connector circuit comprises a second electronic interface having at least one mating contact for electrically contacting the at least one contact of the control circuit, at least one terminal for electrically contacting a terminal of the at least one battery cell, and at least one balancing resistor, which is electrically connected between the at least one mating contact and the at least one terminal.

In other words, the present invention is based on the idea to place the balancing resistor outside of the first component carrier, on which the control circuit of the battery management system is mounted, and to directly integrate the balancing resistor in the connector circuit, which is separately arranged from the control circuit and electrically connects the control circuit to the at least one battery cell. In this manner, the thermal properties of the control circuit becomes much favorable, since the balancing resistor contribute the largest resistance in the balancing current path, and consequently are the major source for heat generation, when discharging the at least one battery cell. Consequently, the placement of the balancing resistors outside the first component carrier, dispenses with the need to cope with the heat generated from the balancing resistor and it is possible to integrate all components of the control circuit onto a small component carrier, for example a printed circuit board with a form factor of 20*40 mm or less.

Due to the fact that the connector circuit may electrically connect the control circuit to a plurality of battery cells, it is typically a large component. Therefore, there does not arise any cost or special consideration, when the balancing resistor are integrated in the connector circuit, and sufficient spacing between balancing resistors electrically connected to different battery cells can be easily achieved. Accordingly, heat dissipation during balancing of battery cells can be achieved without adding significant area for the connector circuit.

Accordingly, by the specific placement of the balancing resistor of the present disclosure, it is possible to significantly reduce the overall dimensions, weight and cost of the battery management system.

According to an example of the present disclosure, the connector circuit is mounted on a second component carrier, which is arranged separately from the first component carrier. However, it is also possible that the connector circuit is provided in the form of a battery harness and that the balancing resistor is mounted within the harness.

Advantageously, the second component carrier can be a flexible printed circuit board. In this manner, it is possible to arrange the connector circuit and the balancing resistor in a space saving manner within a battery pack, in which the battery management system is used.

Preferably, the at least one balancing resistor may be soldered on the second component carrier. Alternatively or in addition, the at least one balancing resistor may be formed of a metal trace provided on the second component carrier. For this purpose, one or more thin metal traces of specific length and width may be, for example, etched on the second component carrier, or one or more thin metal traces of specific length and width may be deposited on the second component carrier. The one or more thin metal traces may for example made of copper or aluminum, however also other suitable conducting materials are possible.

According to another advantageous example, the first component carrier can be a printed circuit board, in particular a paper printed circuit board. In this manner, it is possible to package the control circuit together on one compact integrated component, which can be integrated with the connector circuit directly. Due to the placement of the at least one balancing resistor outside the printed circuit board, a form factor of the integrated component can be 20*40 mm or even less. Further, a paper printed circuit board may be used for mounting the integrated component, which provides higher sustainability, higher flexibility and lower costs than conventional printed circuit boards.

In order to protect the control circuit from electrostatic discharge and to enhance the robustness properties of the first component carrier, especially for automotive applications, the first component carrier is preferably at least partly overmolded.

In another advantageous example of the present disclosure, the second electronic interface can be a socket, and the first electronic interface can be a pin strip. Alternatively, the second electronic interface can be a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) connector, in particular a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIE) connector or a miniPCIE connector, and the first component carrier is adapted to fit into the PCI connector and the first electronic interface is formed on the first component carrier, so as to be able to contact the PCI connector.

Hereby, the pin strip may be welded, soldered or glued onto the first component carrier and the socket, PCI connector, PCIE connector or miniPCIE connector may be welded, soldered or glued onto the second component carrier. Additional mechanical fixation means like brackets, clips or screws may be provided for enhancing the fixation between the first electronic interface and the second electronic interface.

In this manner, it is possible to provide a cost efficient solution for integrating the control circuit as an integrated component directly into the connector circuit, wherein the control circuit can be mechanically mounted to the connector circuit with minimal space and weight requirements, since the need for providing a heavy connector can be dispensed. Furthermore, the control circuit is easily detachable and replaceable in case of malfunctions or adaption in the battery cell configuration of the battery pack, in which the battery management system is used.

Alternatively or in addition, the first electronic interface may be welded to the second electronic interface, in order to avoid the necessity for providing a heavy connector between the control circuit and the connector circuit and to integrate the control circuit directly into the connector circuit in a space saving manner.

In another preferable example of the present disclosure, the control circuit may comprise a microcontroller, which is configured to measure the voltage of the at least one battery cell and to control a discharge of the at least one battery cell, a first conductor, which is configured to electrically connect a first controller contact of the microcontroller to the at least one contact for measuring the voltage of the at least one battery cell, and a second conductor, which is configured to electrically connect a second controller contact of the microcontroller to the at least one contact for discharging the at least one battery cell. As the balancing resistor is placed outside the control circuit, the second conductor can be manufactured with a low resistance in the range of several Ohm or milliohm, so that a discharging of the at least one battery cell by means of the second conductor only generates minor heat in the control circuit.

Preferably, the second conductor may have a predefined test resistance, and the microcontroller may be configured to measure a first voltage at a first controller contact and a second voltage at the second controller contact, when discharging the at least one battery cell, and to determine a balancing current flowing through the balancing resistor based on the predefined test resistance and a difference between the measured first voltage and the measured second voltage. In this manner, the battery management system can determine a resistance of the at least one balancing resistor and a required duration for discharging the at least one battery cell directly from the determined balancing current. Accordingly, it is possible to compensate larger tolerances of the at least one balancing resistor being introduced during the manufacturing of the battery management system without introducing insufficiency or malfunctioning of the cell balancing. This is especially useful when providing the at least one balancing resistor as a thin metal trace on the second component carrier of the connector circuit.

In another preferable example of the present disclosure, the control circuit further comprises a communication unit, which is configured to transmit electronic signals between the control circuit and an external system and/or a power supply unit, which is configured to supply power to the controller. Alternatively or in addition, the first conductor may comprise a filter circuit, which is configured to filter a voltage signal of the at least one battery cell, when the microcontroller measures the voltage of the at least one battery cell. Furthermore, as an alternative or in addition the connector circuit can comprise at least one temperature sensor and the control circuit can be electronically connected to the at least one temperature sensor and configured to monitor a temperature of the at least one battery cell by means of the at least one temperature sensor.

In this manner, it is possible to package the control circuit into a compact integrated component, which provides all necessary functionalities of battery cell voltage and temperature measurement and communication to external systems like vehicle ECUs. Hereby, the integrated component can be provided on a small printed circuit board having a form factor of 20*40 mm or lower and may be directly integrated onto the connector circuit by the connection methods described above.

The present disclosure also relates to a battery pack comprising at least on battery cell and the advantageous battery management system according to the present disclosure.

Furthermore, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling discharge of at least one battery cell, wherein the method comprises the steps of: measuring a first voltage by using a first conductor, which is electrically connected to a first contact of a control circuit, while a balancing switch, which is electrically connected in series with at least one balancing resistor between a first terminal of the at least one battery cell, is closed; measuring a second voltage by using a second conductor, which is electrically connected to the first contact, while the balancing switch is closed; determining a balancing current based on a difference between the measured first voltage and the measured second voltage; determining a resistance of the at least one balancing resistor (124) based on the determined balancing current; determining a balancing duration based on the determined resistance of the balancing resistor; discharging the at least one battery cell for the determined balancing duration.

By use of this method, it is possible to determine a resistance of the at least one balancing resistor and a required balancing duration for discharging the at least one battery cell directly from the determined balancing current. Accordingly, it is possible to compensate larger tolerances of the at least one balancing resistor being introduced during the manufacturing of the battery management system without introducing insufficiency or malfunctioning of the cell balancing. This is especially useful, when providing the at least one balancing resistor as a thin metal trace on the second component carrier of the connector circuit and further allows to save costs, weight and space during manufacturing of the battery management system. Tolerances in the resistance of the at least one balancing resistor can for example be increased from 0.1 % or 5 % accuracy necessary in conventional systems to up to 40% accuracy in the battery management system according to the present disclosure.

In the following, the invention is described in more detail with reference to the attached figures and drawings. Similar or corresponding details in the figures are marked with the same reference numerals.

The accompanying drawings are incorporated into the specification and form a part of the specification to illustrate several embodiments of the present invention. These drawings, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are merely for the purpose of illustrating the preferred and alternative examples of how the invention can be made and used, and are not to be construed as limiting the invention to only the illustrated and described embodiments. Furthermore, several aspects of the embodiments may form — individually or in different combinations — solutions according to the present invention. The following described embodiments can thus be considered either alone or in an arbitrary combination thereof. The described embodiments are merely possible configurations, and it must be borne in mind that the individual features, as described above, can be provided independently of one another, or can be omitted altogether while implementing this invention. Further features and advantages will become apparent from the following, more particular description of the various embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like references refer to like elements, and wherein:

Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a battery management system according to the prior art; Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a battery management system according to a first example of the present disclosure;

Fig. 3 shows a schematic circuit diagram of the battery management system according to the first example of the present disclosure;

Fig. 4 shows a schematic perspective view of a control circuit according to the first example of the present disclosure;

Fig. 5 shows a schematic perspective view of a second interface of a connector circuit according to the first example of the present disclosure;

Fig. 6 shows a schematic perspective view of a connector circuit according to a second example of the present disclosure;

Fig. 7 shows a schematic perspective view of a control circuit according to the second example;

Fig. 8 shows a schematic perspective view of a battery management system according to the second example;

Fig. 9 shows a schematic circuit diagram of a battery management system according to a third example of the present disclosure;

Fig.10 shows a schematic flow chart of a method for controlling discharge of at least one battery cell.

The present disclosure will now be further explained referring to the Figures, and firstly referring to Fig. 2. Fig.2 schematically shows the basic concept of the battery management system 100 according to the present disclosure. The battery management system comprises a control circuit 102 and a connector circuit 104. The control circuit 102 is configured to monitor a voltage of the battery cells 108, to which the control circuit 102 is electrically connected via the connector circuit 104. The battery cells 108 may for example form a battery, which is configured to power the drivetrain of an electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle, or a battery, which is used in a stationary energy storage system.

The control circuit 102 comprises a microcontroller 106, which may be for example provided in form of one or more cell monitoring ICs. Each cell monitoring IC may monitor the voltage of a plurality of battery cells 108, which are connected in series, for example 6 to 25 battery cells in a typical scenario. However, any cell monitoring IC may also monitor the voltage of only one battery cell 108. The monitoring of the voltage of a battery cell 108 thereby comprises at least the measurement of the voltage of the battery cell 108 and may also comprise the control of discharging of the battery cell 108, in order to balance the state of charge of the battery cell 108 with the state of charge of another battery cell 108, to which the battery cell 108 is electrically connected. Optionally, the monitoring of the voltage of the battery cell 108 may also comprise the measurement of a temperature of the battery cell 108 by means of a temperature sensor 110, which is assembled in proximity to the battery cell 108. Hereby, it is possible that temperature measurement of the battery cells 108 may be conducted by the same cell monitoring ICs or may be conducted by a separate cell monitoring IC, specifically adapted for temperature measurements, being also a part of the microcontroller 106.

Further, the microcontroller 106 may optionally include a central processing unit (CPU) or a memory, for example a nonvolatile memory such as a flash memory or an EEPROM. The memory may store various programs, which can be executed by the CPU for managing the battery cells 108 or the assembled battery including the battery cells 108. However, it is also possible that the microcontroller 106 only comprises one or more cell monitoring ICs, which may receive instructions from an external system 116, like an electronic control unit of a vehicle.

In addition to the microcontroller 106, the control circuit 102 may further comprise a filter circuit 112, for filtering a voltage signal of the battery cells 108, when measuring the cell voltage. The control circuit 102 may further comprise several peripheral circuits 114, like a communication unit, which enables communication between the control circuit 102 and the external system 116. The peripheral circuits 114 may further comprise a power supply unit, which supplies power to the microcontroller 106, however, it is also possible that the microcontroller 106 is directly supplied from the battery comprising the battery cells 108.

As schematically shown in Fig. 2, the microcontroller 106, the filter circuits 112 and the peripheral circuits 114 are mounted on a first component carrier 118, to form the control circuit 102 as an integrated component. Hereby the term integrated component especially refers to the fact, that all components necessary for measuring the battery cell voltage and the battery cell temperature, optionally with the components necessary for communication to the external system 116, are packaged together as a single compact component. The possible processes and methods for forming the control circuit 102 as an integrated component will be described later. As exemplified in Fig. 2, the connector circuit 104 may comprise a socket 120 for receiving a first electronic interface of the control circuit, in order to electrically connect the control circuit 102 to the connector circuit 104. The connector circuit 104 is configured to electrically connect the control circuit 102 to the battery cells 108. For this purpose, the connector circuit 104 comprises a second electronic interface (not shown in Fig. 2), which is adapted to mate with the first electronic interface of the control circuit 102, so as to electrically connect the control circuit 102 and the connector circuit 104. A plurality of conductors 122, which may be for example wires or cables of a harness or wires or metal traces formed on a printed circuit board, electrically connects the second electronic interface to terminals of the connector circuit 104, which can be used for electrically contacting terminals of the battery cells 108.

According to the present invention, balancing resistors 124 are integrated into the connector circuit 104 and are electrically connected by the conductors 122 between a contact of the second electronic interface and the terminals of the battery cells 108. As shown in the example of Fig. 2, each terminal of the battery cells 108 may be electronically connected to the second electronic interface by a conductor 122 comprising a balancing resistor 124 and by another conductor 122 not comprising a balancing resistor 124, which may be used for more accurately measuring the battery cell voltage. However, it is also possible that each terminal of the battery cells 108 is electronically connected to the second electronic interface by only one conductor 122 comprising a balancing resistor 124 or by more than one balancing resistor 124.

Fig. 3 shows a schematic circuit diagram of the battery management system 100. In this example, the microcontroller 106 is configured to monitor the voltage of three battery cells 108 connected in series, and a balancing resistor 124 is electrically connected between each terminal 126 of the connector circuit 104, which is connectable to a terminal of a battery cell 108 and the second electronic interface of the connector circuit, so that there are four balancing resistors 124 are arranged in the connector circuit 104. In the connector circuit 104, only the conductor 122, which comprises the balancing resistor 124 is shown, but there may be more than one conductor 122 electrically connected between each terminal 126 and the second electronic interface.

The control circuit 102 comprises the microcontroller 106 and the peripheral circuits 114, which include a power supply unit 125, for example including a linear transistor, a DCDC converter, or similar suitable electronics, which supply a voltage signal (e.g. 3.3 V or 5V) to the microcontroller 106. For this purpose, the power supply unit may be electrically connected to the battery cells 108 by a separate contact (not shown in Fig. 3), which may be part of the first electronic interface or separately arranged, for being supplied by the voltage of the battery, which are formed by the battery cells 108. The peripheral circuits 114 may further comprise a communication unit 127, for example including a transformer, or a capacitor, or similar suitable electronics. The peripheral circuits 114 may provide galvanic isolation for the digital communication signals being transmitted between the microcontroller 106 and the external system, to which the microcontroller 106 is connected.

As shown in Fig. 3, the electronic interface of the control circuit 102 comprises one or more contacts 128, which are connectable to a mating contact of the second electronic interface (not shown in Fig.3) for electronically connecting the microcontroller 106 to each battery cell 108, which is to be monitored. Two controller contacts of the microcontroller, namely a first controller contact 130 (“c-pin”) and a second controller contact 132 (“s-pin”) are electrically connected to each contact 128 of the electronic interface. Of course, it is also possible that each first controller contact 130 and each second controller contact 132 are electrically connected to different contacts 128 of the first electronic interface.

Each c-pin 130 is electrically connected via a first conductor 134, which may include a filter resistor 136, to the contact 128. The first conductors 134, which are electrically connected via the connector circuit 104 to different terminals of the same battery cell 108 may further be connected via filter capacitors to each other. By use of one or more analog to digital converter (“ADC-converter”), electrically connected between two c-pins 130, respectively, the microcontroller can measure voltages of each battery cell 108 between each two c-pins.

On the other hand, each s-pin 132 is electrically connected to the contact 128 via a second conductor 138. The s-pins 132 of the microcontroller, which are electrically connected via the second conductor 138 and the connector circuit 104 to different terminals of the same battery cell 108, may be electrically connected to each other by a balancing switch 140 of the microcontroller 106. The balancing switch 140 can for example be a MOSFET or another semiconductor switch.

By controlling opening and closing of the balancing switches 140, it is possible for the microcontroller 106 to control discharging of the respective battery cell 108 through the balancing resistor 124, which is connected in series with the balancing switch 140. Since the balancing resistor is arranged outside the control circuit 102, it is possible to lower the resistance of the second conductor 138, to be in a range of several Ohm, for example below 5 Ohm, or more preferably to be in a range below 0.5 Ohm, for example equal to or below 0.1 Ohm. In particular, the resistance of the second conductor 138 can be made smaller compared to the resistance of the first conductor 134, which comprises the filter resistor 136, having usually a resistance of 100 Ohm to 1 kOhm. For this reason, the second conductors 138 generate a minor amount of heat, when discharging one of the battery cells 108 through the balancing resistor 124. Accordingly, the thermal properties of the control circuit 102 and the first component carrier 118, onto which the control circuit 102 is mounted, become favorable and it is possible, to integrate all components of the control circuit 102 onto a small component carrier 118, for example with a form factor of 20*40 mm or less.

The first electronic interface of the control circuit 102 may further include contacts 142, which allow to electrically connect the microcontroller 106 to one or more temperature sensors 110 arranged in the connector circuit 104. In this manner, the temperature of one or more of the battery cells 108 can also be measured by the microcontroller 106.

The connector circuit 104 may preferably be mounted to a second component carrier (not shown in Fig. 3), which is arranged separately from the first component carrier 118. Preferably, the second component carrier may be a flexible printed circuit board, also signified as a flex circuit. Such flexible circuit board may be formed of flexible plastic substrates, usually polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a transparent conductive polyester. The conductors 122 of the connector circuit 104 may in this case be structured onto the substrate by a photolithography technique or may be formed of metal strips (preferably copper or a copper alloy) with a thickness below 0.1 mm being laminated between the plastic substrate.

A balancing resistor 124 is connected between each terminal 126 and a mating contact of the second electronic interface of the connector circuit 104. The resistance of each balancing resistor 124 may typically lie in the range of 1 Ohm to 100 Ohm, preferably in the range from 20 Ohm to 50 Ohm. However, also higher resistances than 100 Ohm are possible. Since the connector circuit 104 electrically connects the control circuit 102 to each of the battery cells 108, the flexible printed circuit boards, onto which the connector circuit 104 is preferably mounted, is a large component, so that the balancing resistors 124 can be distributed with sufficient spacing on the flexible printed circuit board. Accordingly, heat dissipation of heat generated when discharging at least one of the battery cells 108 through one or more of the balancing resistors 124 can be achieved without enlarging the area of the flexible printed circuit board.

The balancing resistors 124 may for example be soldered or welded onto the flexible printed circuit board, onto which the connector circuit 104 is mounted. Alternatively, the balancing resistors 124 can be manufactured by etching long thin traces in the conductors, which connect each terminal 126 to a respective mating contact of the second electronic interface, or by depositing long thin metal traces, for example made of aluminum, copper or another metal with suitable conductivity, onto the flexible printed circuit board and electrically connect them between each terminal 126 and a respective mating contact of the second electronic interface.

Fig. 4 shows an example of packaging the control circuit 102 as an integrated component. The microcontroller 106 is mounted together with the filter circuits 112 and the optional peripheral circuits 114 to a printed circuit board (PCB) as the first component carrier 118. In order to achieve a sustainable, highly flexible and cost-efficient solution, a paper printed circuit board can optionally be used as the first component carrier 118.

For mounting the control circuit 102, the electronic components of the control circuit 102 can for example be welded or soldered to a printed circuit board as the first component carrier 118 or mounted by other suitable methods. A pin strip 144 is soldered to the bottom side of the PCB 118 and serves as the first electronic interface, so that the contacts 128 (and 142) of the first electronic interface are provided in form of pins. As shown in Fig. 4, the pin strip 144 may be soldered at both elongated edges of the PCB 118, however also other arrangements of the pin strip 144 are possible. Fig. 5 shows an exemplary socket 120, suitable for receiving the pin strip 144. The socket 120 may be for example welded, soldered or glued to the flex circuit, on which the connector circuit 104 is mounted, so as to serve as the second electronic interface of the connector circuit 104. Accordingly, in this example the mating contacts of the second electronic interface are provided in the form of receptacles of the socket 120.

By forming the first and the second electronic interface in this manner, it is possible to press the assembled control circuit 102 in the socket 120 and to establish electrical connection between the control circuit 102 and the connector circuit 104 through the pin strip 144 and the socket 120. Consequently, it is not necessary to provide a costly and heavy automotive connector for establishing such connection, so that the weight and cost of the battery management system 100 can be significantly reduced. To further enhance the stability of the electrical connection between the control circuit 102 and the connector circuit 104, mechanical fixation means like brackets, clips or screws may be provided with any of the pin strip 144 or socket 120, or both.

A second example for packaging the control circuit 102 as an integrated component and efficiently connecting it to the connector circuit 104 is shown in Figs. 6 to 8. Fig. 6 shows a miniPCIE connector 246, which is fixed to the flex circuit 148, onto which the connector circuit 104 is mounted, to serve as the second electronic interface of the connector circuit 104. The miniPCIE connector 246 may be for example fixed to the flex circuit 148 by soldering, welding or gluing. Fig.7 shows the control circuit 102 including the microcontroller 106 being mounted, for example by welding or soldering, on a PCB (or a paper PCB) as the first component carrier 118. In the second example, the PCB 118 is formed to have a shape to fit into the miniPCIE connector 246 shown in Fig. 6. Contacts 128 (and 142) for connecting the mating contacts of the miniPCIE connector 246 are formed on the PCB 118 directly. In this manner, the need for a costly and heavy connector on the PCB 118 can be dispensed and the control circuit 102 being mounted on the PCB 118 can be inserted into the miniPCIE connector 246 directly, as shown in Fig. 8. Furthermore, the control circuit 102 is easily retractable and removable from the battery management system 100 and can be easily replaced in case of a malfunction or any modifications in the battery cell configuration. Also in this example, the miniPCIE connector 246, the PCB 118 or both may be provided with mechanical fixation means like brackets, clips or screws in order to enhance the fixation between the miniPCIE connector 246 and the PCB 118.

As an alternative in the second example, instead of the miniPCIE connector 246 any other type of PCIE connector or PCI connector may be mounted to the flex circuit 148 or any other type of second component carrier, which may be used. The PCB 118 or any other first component carrier 118, which may be used, to carry the control circuit 102, may then be formed so as to fit in and electrically connect to the type of PCIE connector or PCI connector mounted to the second component carrier.

In addition to the above described mounting methods, the first component carrier 118 may optionally be at least partly overmolded, in order to enhance the stability of the control circuit 102 and to protect the electronic components of the control circuit 102 from electro-static-discharging.

In this respect, it is also possible that the electric components are wire-bonded directly and overmolded after wire-bonding without the use of a PCB as the first component carrier 118. In this example, the overmolded control circuit 102 can be provided with weld tabs as the contacts 128 of the first electronic interface and can be welded directly onto the flex circuit, on which the connector circuit 104 is mounted, for establishing electrical connection between the wire-bonded control circuit 102 and the connector circuit 104. Since in this example the control circuit 102 can be directly integrated into the flex circuit, on which the connector circuit 104 is mounted, a spacesaving solution is achieved.

Notably, the described methods and examples for packaging the control circuit 102 into an integrated component are not only suitable for an control circuit 102, in which the balancing resistors 124 are removed and placed in the connector circuit 104, but may be also applied for a control circuit 102 including the balancing resistors 124, as long as a sufficient heat management of the control circuit 102 can be achieved during discharging of the battery cells 108 through at least one of the balancing resistors 124.

Fig. 9 shows a schematic circuit diagram of a second exemplary battery management system 200. The battery management system 200 corresponds in large parts to the battery management system 100 shown in Fig. 3. However, the battery management system 200 further includes at least one test resistor 150 as a part of the second conductor 138. The test resistor 150 is electrically connected between each s-pin 132 and each respective contact 128, to which the s-pin 132 is electronically connected, in order to allow discharging of one of the battery cells 108. The know resistance of the test resistors 150 enables the battery management system 200 to determine a resistance of the balancing resistors 124, when discharging the electrically connected battery cells 108. In order to avoid extensive heat generation in the control circuit 102 during discharging of one of the battery cells, the resistance of the test resistors may be chosen to be equal to or smaller than 2 Ohm, more preferably to be equal to or smaller than 0.5 Ohm, and even more preferably to be equal to or smaller than 0.1 Ohm.

Fig. 10 shows a schematic flow chart of a method performed in battery management system 200 for controlling discharging of at least one battery cell 108, which includes a method for determining a balancing resistance of the balancing resistor 124, which is connected in series to the at least one battery cell 108 (in the following signified as “battery cell 108 to be balanced”).

For determining the balancing resistance, the microcontroller 106 closes the balancing switch 140 being connected in series with the battery cell 108 to be balanced (step S102). After closing the balancing switch 140, the microcontroller 106 measures a first voltage at the c-pins 130, which are electrically connected to the terminals of the battery cell 108 to be balanced. Further, the microcontroller 106 measures a second voltage at the s-pins 132, which are connected to the terminals of the battery cell 108 to be balanced (step S104), by means of a voltage measurement device, for example an ADC, which is provided between the s-pins 132 for allowing redundant voltage measurements of the battery cell voltage at the c-pins 130 and the s-pins 132.

Since the test resistor 150 is electrically connected in series to the balancing resistor 124 between the s-pin 132 and the contact 128, the first voltage and the second voltage differ by a voltage, which drops across the test resistor. Accordingly, the microcontroller 106 can determine the balancing current flowing through the test resistor 150 and the balancing resistor 124, by determining the balancing current

. > (first voltage-second voltage) . ..

'balance ~ U) where R_test is the resistance of the test resistor 150 (step S106). The factor 2 in the denominator of equation (1) results from the fact, that a test resistor 150 is connected in series with each of the s-pins 132, so that in total two test resistors 150 are connected in series to the battery cells 108. However, this factor may differ, if another number n of test resistors 150 is connected in series with the battery cells 108. After determining the balancing current, the balancing switch 140 is opened again (step S108). Of course, step S108 may also be performed before determining the balancing current in step S106. Since the determination of the balancing current can be completed in a short time, usually between 1 and 100 ms, the closing of the balancing switch solely for the determination of the balancing current discharges the corresponding battery cell 108 to be balanced only to a minor extent.

Based on the determined balancing current Ibaiance, the microcontroller 106 determines the resistance Rbaiance of the balancing resistor 124. For this purpose, the microcontroller 106 determines a third voltage (corresponding to the cell voltage V _ce ii of the battery cell 108 to be balanced) at the c-pins 130, which are electrically connected to the terminals of the battery cell 108 to be balanced, while the balancing switch 140 is open. On the basis of the determined balancing current Ibaiance and the voltage difference between the third voltage and the first voltage, the microcontroller 106 determines (step S110) the resistance Rbaiance of the balancing resistor 124 as

_D > (third voltage-first voltage)

‘'balance ~ 1

‘balance

In a next step (S112), the microcontroller 106 determines, whether balancing of the voltages of the battery cell 108 to be balanced is necessary, i.e. whether the voltage of the battery cell 108 to be balanced exceeds the voltage of at least one of the other battery cells 108 for a predetermined amount. In the following, it is assumed for simplicity that cell balancing is performed for only the battery cell 108 to be balanced, however cell balancing may also be performed for more than one of the battery cells 108 at the same time. If cell balancing is not required (NO in step S112), the method may either end or return to the start again and the resistance of the balancing resistor 124 may be determined again, for example, after a predetermined time has elapsed.

If cell balancing is required (YES in step S112), the microcontroller 106 starts to control discharging of the battery cell 108 to be balanced. The process of cell balancing may for example be started at the end of charging the battery pack, when the battery cells 108 are about to reach a full state of charge (100 % SOC), or may be started at the end of discharging the battery pack, when the battery cells 108 are about to reach a minimum state of charge. The microcontroller 106 first determines (step S114) a balancing duration based on the determined resistance Rbaiance of the balancing resistor 124 and other parameters, such as cell state of charge, or a cell state of health of the battery cell 108 to be balanced. Various different balancing techniques are known which can be used to determine the balancing duration on the basis of a known balancing resistance. The microcontroller 106 then closes the balancing switch 140 and controls discharging of the battery cell 108 to be balanced until the determined balancing duration has elapsed since the start of discharging (step S116). Once a time corresponding to the balancing duration has been elapsed since the start of discharging, the microcontroller 106 determines that cell balancing is completed and opens the balancing switch 140 in order to stop discharging of the battery cell 108 to be balanced.

By implementing the method for determining the resistance of the balancing resistors 124 shown in Fig. 10 before cell balancing is performed, it is possible to determine the required balancing duration more accurately. Accordingly, it is possible to take into account tolerances of the resistance of the balancing resistors 124. In particular, with the disclosed method, it is possible to compensate of tolerances of the resistances of the balancing resistors 124 of up to 40%, which is remarkably larger than in conventional systems, where usually only tolerances in the range of 0.1 % to 5 % can be compensated. This is especially interesting for the fabrication of the balancing resistors 124 as thin metal traces on the second component carrier (e.g. the flex circuit 148), on which the connector circuit 104 is mounted, since the fabrication of the thin metal traces is subject to larger tolerance variations.

Notably, the resistance of the balancing resistor 124 may be determined regardless of whether discharging of one of the at least one battery cells 108 is necessary or may be determined as a part of the cell balancing process, before discharging any of the battery cells 108. After the resistance of the balancing resistor 124 has been determined in step S110, the microcontroller 106 or the external system 116 may save the determined resistance of the balancing resistor 124, for example in a non-volatile memory.

As an alternative to arrange the test resistor 150 on the second conductor 138, it is also possible to implement a predetermined test current sink in parallel to the second conductor 138, and to measure the first voltage at the s-pins 132, when the test current sink is OFF, and to measure the second voltage at the s-pins 132, when the test current sink is ON. Determination of the balancing current and balancing resistance can then be done by the difference between the first voltage and the second voltage. Further, as an alternative to implementing the method for determining the balancing resistance of at least one of the balancing resistors 124 in the microcontroller 106, the method may be executed for example by a vehicle electronic control unit, which is supervising the microcontroller 106.

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