MURRAY KATHERINE A (US)
MURRAY KATHERINE A (US)
| US20080276803A1 | 2008-11-13 | |||
| US20080127632A1 | 2008-06-05 | |||
| US20010022952A1 | 2001-09-20 | |||
| JP2007224792A | 2007-09-06 |
| We claim: 1. A CO2 control device for capturing CO2 from exhaust from a vehicle, comprising: a flow-through apparatus; and a CO2 absorbing filter treated with an alkaline material and housed within the flow- through apparatus; wherein the flow-through apparatus receives the exhaust from the vehicle; and wherein CO2 from the exhaust is absorbed by the CO2 absorbing filter. 2. The CO2 control device of claim 1, wherein the CO2 absorbing filter comprises a ceramic-woolen matrix. 3. The CO2 control device of claim 1, wherein the CO2 absorbing filter comprises silicon. 4. The CO2 control device of claim 1, in which the CO2 absorbing filter is held in place by a louvered insert. 5. The CO2 control device of claim 4, wherein the louvered insert comprises a stainless steel material. 6. The CO2 control device of claim 1 , in which the CO2 absorbing filter is a plurality of filters in series. 7. The CO2 control device of claim 1, wherein the alkaline material comprises KOH or NaOH. 8. The CO2 control device of claim 1, and further comprising a pH indicator to test the pH level of the CO2 absorbing filter. 9. The CO2 control device of claim 1, wherein the CO2 absorbing filter comprises small mesh screens applied to the inside diameter of the filter, the CO2 absorbing filter further comprises packets of the alkaline material. 10. A method of capturing CO2 from exhaust from a vehicle, the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a CO2 control device, the CO2 control device comprising: a flow-through apparatus; and an CO2 absorbing filter treated with an alkaline material and housed within the flow-through apparatus; b) receiving the exhaust with the CO2 control device; and c) absorbing the CO2 from the exhaust with the CO2 absorbing filter. 11. The method of capturing CO2 from exhaust from a vehicle of claim 10, and further comprising the step of measuring the pH level of the CO2 absorbing filter to quantify the amount of CO2 in the CO2 absorbing filter. 12. The method of capturing CO2 from exhaust from a vehicle of claim 10, and further comprising the step of replacing the CO2 absorbing filter after the CO2 absorbing filter is substantially saturated with CO2. 13. A method of storing captured CO2 from exhaust from a vehicle, the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a CO2 control device, the CO2 control device comprising: a flow-through apparatus; and a CO2 absorbing filter treated with an alkaline material and housed within the flow-through apparatus; b) receiving the exhaust with the CO2 control device; c) absorbing the CO2 from the exhaust with the CO2 absorbing filter; d) converting the absorbed CO2 in the CO2 absorbing filter into CaC O3; and e) combining the converted CaCθ3 with volcanic ash for use as a cement material. |
FROM VEHICLE COMBUSTION WASTE
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is related to and claims the benefit of Provisional Application Serial No. 61/116,102, filed November 19, 2008, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is related to CO 2 control devices, and more specifically, control devices that capture carbon dioxide from vehicle emission waste. New government regulations are being sought to increase fuel efficiency of vehicles.
For the first time ever, federal vehicle standards will require cuts in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases tied to global warming. A goal of these regulations is to reduce the consumption of oil. In turn, the improved fuel efficiency will reduce and limit the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. In fact, government officials have announced that automakers will have to improve car and light truck mileage by 30% starting in 2016 to reduce new vehicle carbon emissions by 30 percent. The new requirement is estimated to save 1.8 billion barrels of oil through 2016 and cut greenhouse gas emissions by more than 900 million tons, the equivalent to shutting down 194 coal plants.
Additionally, with an increasing awareness on climate change or global warming, it is desirable to further reduce the amount of CO 2 being emitted from the exhaust of vehicles. It is further desirable to reduce the amount of CO 2 being emitted without increasing the net levels of atmospheric CO 2 .
The vehicle exhaust exits a muffler prior to entering the atmosphere. A typical low- backpressure muffler for a vehicle, as shown in Figure 1, includes a flow-through apparatus. The flow-through apparatus has a straight-through flow tube of constant diameter and cross- section, two end plates mounted to the flow tube, an outer shell mounted about the flow tube and extending the space between the end plates, and a series of perforations located on the tube within the outer shell. The muffler also includes a plate placed within the outer shell to divide the area defined within the outer shell into two cavities. This configuration does not restrict the flow of the exhaust gases resulting in no loss of power for the engine.
U.S. Patent No. 6,866,702 to Mitsuda discusses the use of a device equipped along an automobile exhaust pipe for absorbing carbon dioxide having a cement composition for absorbing carbon dioxide. However, the cement composition with water added to it will turn into a gooey, permanent plug. In addition, the cement compositions disclosed in the '702 patent contain lime (CaO) as a primary ingredient. The process of making lime consumes a high amount of energy and releases CO 2 in the process. In short, there would be little or no overall carbon dioxide absorption.
Therefore, it is desirable to have a device that captures CO 2 from vehicle exhaust prior to the exhaust entering the atmosphere.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, a CO 2 control device for capturing CO 2 from exhaust from a vehicle, includes: a flow-through apparatus; and a CO 2 absorbing filter treated with an alkaline material and housed within the flow-through apparatus; wherein the flow-through apparatus receives the exhaust from the vehicle; and wherein CO 2 from the exhaust is absorbed by the CO 2 absorbing filter.
In one embodiment, the CO 2 absorbing filter includes a ceramic-woolen matrix.
Also, in one embodiment, the CO 2 absorbing filter includes silicon. Further, in one embodiment, the CO 2 absorbing filter is held in place by a louvered insert.
Still further, in one embodiment, the louvered insert comprises a stainless steel material. And still further, in one embodiment, the CO 2 absorbing filter is a plurality of filters in series.
In another embodiment, the alkaline material comprises KOH or NaOH.
In still another embodiment, the device includes a pH indicator to test the pH level of the CO 2 absorbing filter. In accordance with the present invention, a method of capturing CO 2 from exhaust from a vehicle includes the steps of: a) providing a CO 2 control device, the CO 2 control device comprising: a flow-through apparatus; and an CO 2 absorbing filter treated with an alkaline material and housed within the flow-through apparatus; b) receiving the exhaust with the CO 2 control device; and c) absorbing the CO 2 from the exhaust with the CO 2 absorbing filter.
In one embodiment, the method further includes the step of measuring the pH level of the CO 2 absorbing filter to quantify the amount of CO 2 in the CO 2 absorbing filter.
Also, in one embodiment, the method further includes the step of replacing the CO 2 absorbing filter after the CO 2 absorbing filter is substantially saturated with CO 2 . In accordance with the present invention, the method of storing captured CO 2 from exhaust from a vehicle includes the steps of: a) providing a CO 2 control device, the CO 2 control device comprising: a flow-through apparatus; and an CO 2 absorbing filter treated with an alkaline material and housed within the flow-through apparatus; b) receiving the exhaust with the CO 2 control device; c) absorbing the CO 2 from the exhaust with the CO 2 absorbing filter; d) converting the absorbed CO 2 in the CO 2 absorbing filter into CaCOs; and e) combining the converted CaCCh with volcanic ash for use as a cement material.
Other features and advantages of the present invention are stated in or apparent from detailed descriptions of presently preferred embodiments of the invention found hereinbelow.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a perspective view with a cut-out showing the interior of a prior art muffler.
Figure 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary carbon dioxide control device according to the present invention.
Figure 3 is a perspective view of another exemplary carbon dioxide control device according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION With reference now to the drawings in which like numerals represent like elements,
Figure 2 depicts a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) control device 10 in accordance with the present invention. The control device 10 includes: a flow-through apparatus having a straight- through flow tube 12 of constant diameter and cross-section, two end plates 16, 18, mounted to the flow tube 12, an outer shell 20 mounted about the flow tube 12 and extending the space between the end plates 16, 18, and a plurality of perforations 22 located on the flow tube 12 and within the outer shell 20; and a CO 2 absorbing filter 14.
One end 24 of the flow tube 12 is in fluid communication with and receives exhaust from a vehicle's engine (not shown). The vehicle exhaust exits the distal end 26 of the flow tube 12 after a substantial amount of the exhausted CO 2 has been captured by the filter 14. The cover 16 can be removed from the control device 10 to provide access to the filters for maintenance or replacement.
In this exemplary control device 10, the CO 2 absorbing filter 14 is housed within the outer shell 20 and is treated with an alkaline material. The filter 14 is a high temperature ceramic-woolen matrix in a structured packing containing silicon, stainless steel, and the alkaline material.
The structured packing includes a material that withstands heat and fixates CO 2 as a carbonate solid; thereby capturing and safely storing greenhouse gas. This material includes alkali metals (e.g., sodium and potassium) and alkaline earth metals (e.g., calcium). It should be noted that other carbonate sources can be used and are within the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, magnesium silicate is desirable considering the abundance of the mineral; however, the process to extract magnesium oxide (MgO) from the silicates for carbonization is heat intensive. Low energy, low heat processes considered herein are readily available salts and sufficient ions from dissolved salts. Magnesium is available as a dissolved salt in river water from chemical weathering of rocks. Chalk contains some magnesium calcite as well as CaO, silica, alumina, iron, phosphorus, and sulfur. These chalk concentrates were absorbed by and accumulated in plankton skeletons. They reflect the seawater composition during the Cretaceous Period which mirrors modern ocean chemistry. Also, seawater (neat or spiked with bases) readily dissolves CO 2 . Further, there are two round CO 2 -absorbing filters 14 placed in series within the outer shell 20. The filters 14 are held in place by a smoothly louvered stainless steel insert, which separates the flow path from the filters 14. The two filters 14 divide the area defined within the outer shell 20 into multiple cavities.
In use, vehicle exhaust enters the control device 10, comes into contact with the filters 14 where CO 2 is absorbed, and the remaining exhaust exits the distal end 26 of the flow tube. This configuration of the control device 10 takes advantage of the engine-derived pressure pulses entering the control device 10. For example, the engine waste energy which would otherwise be lost to the atmosphere is transformed to do low energy work. The force and heat of the exhaust, along with its pollution content, act on the device/filter because exhaust has mass, velocity, and therefore momentum. Momentum is conserved as collisions occur within the device/filter/pipe system. The impulse of collisions is radial along the path of the pipe the exhaust is designed to travel. The impulse is equal to the change in momentum at points such as louvers, perforations, baffles, filters, and the walls of the pipes (more so if curved). The impulse advantage is the product of the force of exhaust acting on the filter at impact points and the time during which the action takes place.
For extended filter/exhaust contact dwell time, one embodiment has a sine-wave series of filters placed at the crest and trough of each wave period (impulse points). This curvilinear structure (not shown) allows gas-permeable filtration in series along a pipe- wave configured within a larger pipe. The structure is desirable without flow restrictions and where appropriate; for example, on diesel generators wherein CO 2 filters share the same conduit with heat-capture pipes. This embodiment performs double-duty in polar climates where heat conservation is critical for all systems and in this case the otherwise wasted heat becomes useful to do low energy work. A flow-through and flow-around filter system offers even more filter surface area exposure; however, the number of filters, the shape of the filters, and the placement of the filters within the outer shell can be varied depending on the particular application without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.
Also, the cross-section of the control device 10 is preferably round, but may be also ovoid, square, or rectangular. Further, the filter can be doubled, trebled, in series, or chambered parallel to the flow of exhaust or at 90 degrees to the flow being space - appropriately arranged without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Indeed, as shown in Figure 3, another exemplary CO 2 control device 100 demonstrates an alternative configuration. Similar to the exemplary control device 10 discussed above, this control device 100 includes: a flow-through apparatus having a straight- through flow tube 112 of constant diameter and cross-section, two end plates 116, (other end plate not shown) mounted to the flow tube 112, an outer shell 120 mounted about the flow tube 112 and extending the space between the end plates 116 (other end plate not shown), and a plurality of perforations 122 located on the flow tube 112 and within the outer shell 120; and a CO 2 absorbing filter 114. One end 124 of the flow tube 112 is in fluid communication with and receives exhaust from a vehicle's engine (not shown). The vehicle exhaust exits the distal end 126 of the flow tube 112 after a substantial amount of the exhausted CO 2 has been captured or absorbed by the filter 114.
In contrast with the control device 10 discussed above, this exemplary control device 100 has a figure-eight cross-section. More specifically, the outer shell 120 is double- chambered and is shaped to receive a flow tube 112 and a tubular filter 114 placed at an offset and parallel with the flow tube 112. This configuration allows for a different type and size of filter to be placed within the exemplary control device 100. In addition, the figure- eight concept features filter-well housing accessibility for change-out maintenance. The double-chambered system has the added surface area useful for gas expansion, for heat dissipation, and for condensation containment. The bottom portion of the figure-eight can be even more pronounced to accommodate additional useable space. The additional space could allow room for a baffle plate or plates to be positioned between the filter chamber and the pipe chamber. The advantages of a baffle plate or plate's in-series are for high performance vehicles needing heat exchangers and mist eliminators, although baffle plate systems do not restrict gas flow. The filter 114 is held in place by a smoothly louvered stainless steel insert. Further, a cover 115 placed on a distal end plate 116 of the exemplary device 100 allows the filter 114 to be readily accessed for removal and replacement.
In use, capturing CO 2 from vehicle exhaust includes the steps of providing a CO 2 control device, receiving the exhaust with the CO 2 control device, and absorbing the CO 2 from the exhaust with the CO 2 absorbing filter.
It is preferable that a plurality of pH indicator beads 128 are placed within the cover
115. Because CO 2 is acidic, it will lower the pH level in the filter. Thus, by measuring the pH level of the filter 114, and the amount of CO 2 contained in the filter, the remaining filter life can be quantified. The pH level can be determined by a visual inspection of the pH indicator beads 128. After the CO 2 absorbing filter is substantially saturated with CO 2 , the spent CO 2 absorbing filter is replaced.
Once the filter is substantially saturated with CO 2 , the filter is removed from the vehicle. The CO 2 is converted into calcium carbonate (CaCOs), which is then combined with volcanic ash for use as a cement material. To keep the exhaust flowing freely and preventing unwanted restrictions, the CO 2 control device is designed to directly push exhaust straight through with minimal to no interruptions. The toroidal exhaust energy is received by the CO 2 absorption material along the cylinder wall of the flow-through apparatus. Each pulse of energy-containing combustion gases contacts the packing material, and discharges a portion of pollutants. Spent filter packing material can be recycled and the replacement filters are easily installed and placed back into the control device. The amount of CO 2 captured by each filter can be measured for carbon credits or rebate systems.
The filter, now containing CO 2 and other contaminants, is then chemically processed to prevent sequestering storage problems and potential problems in the future from the CO 2 re-entering the biosphere, geosphere, atmosphere, etc. For example, carbon dioxide filtration systems share similarities in their potential for creating alternative energy sources when combined with off-the-shelf, readily available materials and products. Furthermore, the captured carbon is used to assemble a useful material. One method to process the collected CO 2 is to precipitate calcium carbonate directly by mixing an aqueous solution of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (aq) <→ H 2 CO 3 (aq)
In the above reaction, equilibrium is established between the dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid. Subsequently, carbonic acid dissociates in two steps:
1) H 2 CO 3 <→ H + + HCO 3 " (hydrogenated bicarbonate ions); and
T) HCO 3 ~ ^→ H + + CO 3 2 ~ ^→ (carbonate ions)
Adding aqueous calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2 (aq), to the calcium ion, Ca 2+ (aq), plus the carbonate ion CO 3 2" (aq), produces: H 2 CO 3 (aq) + 2K0H → K 2 CO 3 + 2H 2 O 3 , or by using potassium hydroxide as a substitute:
K 2 CO 3 or Na 2 CO 3 + Ca(OH) 2 CaCO 3 (s) (calcium carbonate precipitate) + 2NaOH (or KOH)
The collected CO 2 in the form of calcium carbonate is further processed by the addition of ground pozzolana, a volcanic ash having siliceous and aluminous material. CaCO 3 (limestone) plus volcanic ash (instead of sand) eliminates the energy intensive, high- temperature process of formulating conventional cement. The heating step required for manufacturing generic cement results in a massive release of CO 2 into the atmosphere. By using volcanic ash, the heating step has already been completed. The limestone/carbon dioxide slurry in combination with a clay-like volcanic ash hardens under water. Either fresh or salt water can be used for similar results.
Preferably, embodiments of carbon dioxide control devices can be a molded ceramic canister offering uniform manufacturing, operation, and recycling capabilities without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Applications may include installations on the small motorized rickshaws prevalent on the streets of India, lawnmowers, chainsaws and the like. The ceramic canister, a one-time usage flow-through CO 2 filter is a small exhaust pipe insert that can be easily extruded or molded, hand or machine-packed, and packaged virtually anywhere. The exemplary flow-through CO 2 filter includes small mesh screens applied to the inside diameter. The filter also contains sealed packets of granular KOH or NaOH. As the combustion exhaust is exposed to the filter, there is "flow-by- reactant" CO 2 capture.
The exemplary carbon dioxide control device used to capture carbon dioxide from any vehicle combustion waste is not limited to vehicle tailpipe placement alone. The filters or flow tubes can be located on the front or sides of a vehicle, within venturi shells to capture ambient CO 2 as the vehicle travelled. Placement of these carbon traps or filters within the vehicle design can be varied depending on a particular application without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. These built-in devices can consume ambient air just as effectively as engine compartment air-filtration presently supplies oxygen for combustion. Venturi CO 2 filters can also work with the vehicle's computer to sense and report major spectral features of different chemical aerosols if a laser spectrometer is employed and grid- mapped results uploaded for driver and even multi- vehicle awareness. Multi- vehicle reports of a particular abundance of CO 2 for example, or methane (CH 4 ), could send data to activate a local/regional air treatment center. These treatment centers operate as large, fan-driven systems filtering substantial amounts of CO 2 in a scaleable version of the vehicle device described. The large filter system can be tied to existing street drainage.
While the present invention has been described with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications can be effected within the scope and spirit of the invention.