There is an ever-increasing need for the transmission of data, voice, video and other signals under water.

One source of such need is the proliferation of offshore oil exploration and production rigs, and the needs for scientific, business, personnel, and other communications including remote sensors and remotely controlled equipment from manned or unmanned and surface or submerged off-shore structures, platforms, and facilities.

It has been attempted to provide a fiber-optic communication network linking numerous oil-rigs with land-based stations. However, the undersea portion of such a network has presented numerous challenges and problems.

One problem with prior undersea fiber-optic cable communication lines lies in the insufficiency of the cable to withstand the conventional installation method of deployment from a surface ship through the water column to the bottom and burial of the cable at a later time. Often, the cable provided in the past has not been sufficiently robust. If sufficiently robust, it has been undesirably heavy and expensive.

Accordingly, one of the objects of the invention is to provide an underwater fiber-optic cable which solves or alleviates the foregoing problems, and particularly a cable which is relatively light-weight but robust and

flexible, and resistant to environmental attacks, such as by chewing fish and other sea life.

Other problems lie in the laying of the cable, and particularly in the dispensing of the cable while laying it.

It has been proposed to lay such cable by using a remotely-controlled crawling vehicle or tractor to pull a sled with a trenching mechanism which digs a narrow trench in the seabed and dispenses the cable into the trench.

One problem which has been recognized by the inventor herein is that the weights and electric power requirements for most prior cable dispensers are higher than they need be. One reason for this is that prior dispensing motors often must be relatively large to handle the loads required in dispensing very long (e. g., 100 miles long) segments of cable. Both the initial cost and the operating costs for such equipment are inordinately high.

Accordingly, it is another object of the invention to provide a cable dispensing system and method which alleviate the foregoing problems, and, in particular, a system and method which is relatively compact and light- weight, which requires significantly less power to operate, and whose initial cost is lower than that of comparable prior systems and methods.

In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objectives are satisfied by the provision of a cable having a fiber-optic core with a plurality of metal wires wrapped around the core to give strength and cut- resistance, and a laminate of a tensioned metal tape and a plastic tape, wrapped about the wires under relatively

high tension. The resulting tensioned laminate is believed to compress the wires and core and hold them together while not adding unacceptably to the cable diameter, and to otherwise improve the cable.

In one aspect of the invention, a malleable metal- containing tape is wrapped about a layer of strength members surrounding a fiber-optic core to provide a relatively strong, cut and corrosion-resistant underwater cable.

The cable is highly advantageous because it exhibits relatively low strain per unit of tension applied to the cable, thus making it possible to use reduced quantities of strength members and/or relatively small diameter cable so as to reduce the cost, weight and volume occupied by reels of the cable. This facilitates laying the cable on or under the surface of the floor of the body of water in which it is used.

In the dispensing apparatus and method of the invention, a long length (e. g. 100 miles) of fiber-optic cable is wound on a spool or reel. The spool is mounted to be stationary on a support structure such as an undersea sled, and the cable is dispensed by pulling the cable longitudinally over one of the end flanges with cable tension being controlled by a motor.

Preferably, the motor drives a relatively light- weight arm which guides the cable over the end flange of the spool.

Also, it is preferred to guide the cable through the hollow center of the spool so that the cable exits through the rear flange of the spool.

The cable is given a reverse twist as it is wound so that it does not twist or become tangled as it is unwound.

The spool is supported by securing it at the rear end to an external support, and by means of a shaft entering the other end of the hollow center of the spool.

This same shaft is used as a drive member to rotate the dispensing arm.

Tension control and revolution counting also are provided, to keep the feeding of the cable steady, and to provide an indication of the length of cable dispensed.

The cable of the invention has special utility when used with an underwater dispenser which gives the cable a reverse twist to minimize tangling--the cable is sufficiently flexible to endure the reverse twist and sharp bends often experienced during dispensing.

The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in or made apparent from the following description and drawings.

IN THE DRAWINGS: Figure 1 is a schematic view of a fiber-optic cable telecommunications network using the present invention; Figure 2 is a schematic view of an underwater cable laying system utilizing the present invention; Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of a cable constructed in accordance with the present invention; Figure 4 is a perspective view of a cable dispensing device constructed in accordance with the present invention; Figure 5 is a rear end elevation view of the device shown in Figure 4;

Figures 6 and 7 are partially schematic cross- sectional views of portions of the device shown in Figures 4 and 5; Figure 8 is a schematic circuit diagram used in operating the preferred embodiment of the invention; and Figure 9 is a partially schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of the structure shown in Figure 4.

NETWORK The undersea cable is intended for use in the undersea portion of a fiber-optic cable communications network 10 shown in Figure 1. The network 10 has a portion 12 on land and a second portion 14 undersea. The network is connected to land-based stations 20, and to platforms 18 such as oil well facilities 18 extending above the surface of the ocean. The network is shown schematically superimposed on a map 16 of the southeastern portion of the U. S. A. and the Gulf of Mexico. The network will provide badly needed low-cost, high volume data and voice communications to and from offshore oil facilities.

Figure 2 shows schematically the arrangement used to lay the cable 42 beneath the bottom 34 of the ocean to form the undersea portion of the network 10. This arrangement is of the type proposed by Ocean Specialist Inc. of Stuart, Florida.

An underwater vehicle or tractor 24 with tracks 26 is used to pull a sled 36 along the seabed 34. The sled 36 has a trencher mechanism 38 which forms a narrow trench 44 three to ten feet deep in the seabed. The sled has a cable dispenser 40 which lays the fiber-optic cable 42 in the trench, and the trench is filled in to cover the cable. The cable emerges from the seabed at each

platform 18 and is connected to communications equipment on the off-shore oil facility.

The vehicle 24 and the sled receive power and command data from and deliver data to a tender ship 30 floating on the surface 32 of the ocean. The water column is shown broken at 46 and 48 to indicate the <BR> <BR> extreme depth (e. g. , 900 feet or more) of the water in which the cable can be laid.

CABLE The cable 42 to be laid using the cable-laying system described above is shown in cross-section in Figure 3.

The cable 42 includes an optical fiber 44, with the usual cladding, a primary buffer layer 46 of Hytrel, a secondary buffer layer 48 made of nylon, and seven helical-wound wires 50 made of Inconel 625. The wires are wound with a right-hand lay and are provided to strengthen the cable.

Wound around the wires 50 is a metallic tape 52 and an extruded plastic jacket 54 made of Hytrel.

The construction of the cable is believed to be known except for the use of metallic tape 52. This tape is formed by laminating thin (about 1 mil thick) copper tape 56 to a Mylar tape 58 of the same approximate thickness, and wrapping the tape around the wires 50 under high tension; almost to the breaking point of the tape laminate.

Materials other than copper and Mylar can be used.

The metal should have good malleability, and the plastic material should be tough and stable.

This improvement provides additional hoop-strength and compresses and helps hold the wires 50 in place

without unduly increasing the diameter of the cable.

This gives the cable excellent stability, and makes the cable elastic but resistant to torsional creep, kinking and hockling.

The cable has especially good characteristics for use with an underwater dispenser in which the cable is given a reverse twist during winding on a reel, and then is bent rather sharply during dispensing.

The preferred embodiment of the invention uses as the laminate 52 a film/foil shielding tape such as that sold under the trademark Neptape, No. 1132, by Neptco, Inc. of Pawtucket Rhode Island, U. S. A.

It is believed that the laminate is formed by securing 0.00092 inch thick polyester (Mylar) film to 0.0007 inch thick electro-deposited copper foil with an adhesive. The laminate has a tensile strength of around 28,000 p. s. i. and a break strength of 48 lbs. per inch width. The tape is around 0.25 inch wide.

This is just one example of shielding tapes which are used in twisted-shielded conductor cable or coaxial cable shielding. The laminate has a relatively high tensile strength, and yet is relatively thin and stretches a little so as to conform closely to the shape of the strength members (wires) 50 and thus minimize any increase in diameter due to the wrap.

This also leaves the cable flexible and able to accept fairly sharp bending and a reverse twist as it is being wound on a reel. The reverse twist is imparted in order to avoid twisting and kinking as the reel dispenses the cable over one end of the reel, rather than by rotating the reel.

The tape 52 preferably is wound with the copper tape side in contact with the wires 50. The wires and the tape together provide an electrically conductive path through the cable, which can be used for grounding, signal transmission, etc. However, it is not necessary that the copper tape be the inside layer; the tape does its primary job equally well if the plastic tape is the inside layer.

The tape 52 is wound with a lay that is with or opposite to that of the strength members 50. The strength members 50 in a cable which has been built in accordance with the present invention were wound with a right-hand lay, and the tape 52 also was wound with a right-hand lay.

The lay angle at which the tape 52 is wound is relatively steep, preferably greater than 10° to 30°, whereas the lay angle of the wires 50 is relatively low, 5° to 10°, preferably 7° or 8°. The tape 52 preferably is wound with a 0 to 40 percent overlap between wraps around the cable. Spacing between wraps also is acceptable.

The strength members 50, which also are referred to as"armor wires", can be made of a number of different materials other than Inconel 625. For example, Nitronic 50, stainless steel or other hard, strong materials can be used. Preferably, the materials are corrosion- resistant.

The wires 50 preferably are applied by first pre- forming them into a helical shape, and then wrapping them around the inner part of the cable. The diameter of the wires and the tension applied to each during winding should be uniform.

The diameter of the wires 50 should be determined so that the wires fit together to form a layer of wires surrounding the core of the cable, with each wire contacting the next wire and the secondary buffer layer upon which the wires 50 are wound. When held tightly together by the tensioned tape 52, the wires form a hard protective armor body to resist cuts and provide the other benefits noted above.

The primary Hytrel buffer layer 46 is provided as a relatively soft buffer to minimize microbending of the optical fiber, as it is well known.

The secondary buffer layer of nylon provides a harder buffer layer to help spread loads received and thus to help protect the fiber optic core.

It should be understood that the arrangement of buffer layers and the construction of the innermost elements of the cable can be varied significantly, as needed or desired, without deviating from the invention.

The Hytrel outer sheath 54 is extruded onto the outer surface of the tape 52. The sheath 54 provides a water barrier. However, even if the sheath 54 is cut through, as by a fish-bite, the armor wires 50 continue to protect the optical fiber 44 unless the cutting force is relatively large.

In winding the tape 52, as noted above, the tape is wound under substantial tension, almost to the breaking strength of the tape. For example for a tape 52 having a breaking strength of around 12 pounds, a tension of 8 to 10 pounds is used. Preferably, the tension used should be in the range of 60% to 90% of breaking strength.

It should be understood that the optical fiber 44 of the cable can take a variety of different forms without

deviating from the invention. The optical fiber core can have multiple different optical waveguides, and also can be single mode or multiple mode.

DISPENSING MECHANISM The cable dispensing mechanism 40 is shown in Figures 4 and 5.

The cable 42 is wound on a spool 60 having a rear flange 62 and a front flange 64 with a rounded outer edge. The dispenser 40 is mounted on the sled so as to be stationary. This is done by means of a support 82 shown in dashed lines at the front end, and another structure (not shown) at the other end.

The cable is wound on the reel with a reverse twist, one revolution of the cable for each revolution of the spool, in order to compensate for the twist given to the cable during dispensing and ensure the cable will be straight when dispensed.

Desirably, a relatively long length (e. g. , 100 miles) of cable is wound on the reel 60 to enable the efficient laying of cable with a minimum of splicing and raising and lowering of reels from and to the seabed.

The diameter of the cable is only around a little over 0.08 inch. Nonetheless, the weight of 100 miles of the cable is substantial--around 4,000 pounds or more.

This weight would cause severe problems using an ordinary spool which rotates about its axis to dispense cable.

The motor needed to rotate the spool would be unduly large and expensive both to buy and to operate, and would make the dispenser even heavier, thus increasing the power required of the tractor 24 to pull the sled.

In accordance with the present invention, such problems are minimized by holding the spool stationary

and rotating a relatively lightweight mechanism to dispense the cable.

The lightweight mechanism comprises a relatively small electrical drive motor 70 rotating a shaft 74 on bearings in the support 82 and in the hollow center of the spool.

An arm 78 is secured to the shaft 74. Rotatably mounted on one end of the arm 78 is a first pulley or sheave 76, a second pulley or sheave 80, and a counterweight on the opposite end of the arm. The first sheave 76 rotates about an axis at an angle of about 45° with the longitudinal axis of the spool, and the second sheave 80 rotates about an axis perpendicular to that longitudinal axis.

The cable 42 is pulled off of the large roll 68 by rotation of the arm. The cable moves on and is guided by the sheaves 76 and 80 downwardly and into the hollow center of the shaft 74 and the hollow center 66 of the spool and out through the rear flange 62, and then into the trench in the seabed.

A tension sensor 84 (Figure 5) is mounted near the exit end of the hollow enter of the spool 60 and senses the tension in the cable 42 being dispensed and develops a corresponding electrical signal. The signal is sent to a water-tight sealed control unit 72 which controls the operation of the drive motor 70 to maintain a substantially constant tension on the cable to minimize breakage or snarling of the cable.

A shaft-position encoder 86 counts the revolutions of the drive motor and sends corresponding information signals to the control unit 72 which sends this information to the tender 30 through the cable 28.

Electrical power for the motor 70 and other electrical components of the dispenser unit 40 is delivered through the cable 28 from the tender 30.

The dispenser saves a substantial amount in both weight of initial equipment and operating cost as compared with known prior art devices.

The spool or reel 60, when loaded with cable, should be supported so that the rounded front flange rim 64 is separated from the supporting structure so as to enable the cable 42 to pass over the edge 64. This can be accomplished by securely attaching the rear flange 62 to a strong support structure. This would result in the spool extending like a cantilever beam from that support structure. This may require a construction that is unnecessarily massive and more vulnerable to failure than need be.

Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, the front end of the spool is supported by the shaft 74 which extends into the hollow interior 66 of the spool 60.

Referring now to Figure 6 as well as Figure 4, the shaft 74 rests at one end on support 82 and rotates on two sets of bearings 94 and 96. The left portion of shaft 74 also turns on bearings 92 inside the hollow interior 66 of the spool. Thus, the spool is supported at both ends and a cantilever mounting is avoided.

As it is shown in Figure 6, the motor 70 is mounted on a vertical support plate 98 (not shown in Figure 4), and has a drive output shaft 71 coupled to rotate the shaft 74. (The arm 78 and pulleys 76 and 80 are omitted from Figure 6 for the sake of clarity in the drawings.)

A second output shaft 73 extends through a hole in the plate 98 to drive a counter 86, such as a shaft position encoder, to count the revolutions of the drive motor 70 to produce an output signal indicating the number of revolutions of the spool 60, and, hence, the length of cable which has been dispensed.

The shaft 74 is hollow and, as it is shown in Figures 4 and 9, the lower sheave 80 fits partway into the shaft through a slot 81 so that the cable 42 passing over the sheave 80 enters the hollow interior 75 of the shaft 74 and ultimately exits from the hollow center of the spool flange 62.

Figure 7 shows schematically the cable tension detector 84. It consists of a pair of spaced-apart rotatably mounted pulleys or rollers 102 and 104 contacting the cable 42 on one side, and a third pulley or roller 100 urged against the opposite side of the cable 42 at a location between rollers 102 and 104. The roller 100 is urged against the cable 42 by a spring or hydraulic piston (not shown) with a pre-determined force.

The deflection of the cable 42 by the roller 100 is a function of the tension in the cable. The position of the roller 100 is detected by a conventional electronic position sensor 106 which sends a signal over a line 108 to the control unit 72, as it is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8 shows the basic components of the control unit 72. It includes a microprocessor 114, a transceiver unit 110 for transmitting data to and receiving data and command signals from the tender 30 (Figure 1) through the cable 28. An electrical power control unit 112 receives electrical power from the tender 30 through a power conductor pair represented by the line 113, and, under

the control of the microprocessor 114, supplies power to the motor 70.

Stored in the memory of the CPU 114 (or in an auxiliary memory, if needed) is data representing a desired tension level for the cable 42, and a program for comparing the signal from the tension detector 84 with the signal representing the desired tension level. The microprocessor develops an output signal which is a function of the difference between the measured and desired tension levels, and sends that signal to the power control unit 112 which delivers power to the motor 70 so as to run at a speed sufficient to correct the cable tension to the desired level.

If the dispensing of cable is to be stopped, then the power to the motor is adjusted to the level necessary to hold the cable taut with the desired tension.

Alternatively, an electro-mechanical brake (shown schematically at 116 in Figure 6) can be engaged to hold the cable taut to prevent the static energization of the motor 70, and the motor re-energized when dispensing is to resume.

The actual measured cable tension is continuously transmitted to the tender 30 to allow close monitoring of that quantity.

The counter 86 sends a revolution count to the microprocessor 114, which transmits a corresponding signal, by way of the transceiver 110, to the tender 30 to indicate the length of cable dispensed.

If desired, suitable look-up tables or algorithms can be stored in memory for calibrating and converting the tension detector and counter output signals into proper form for transmission to the tender 30.

Advantageously, because the arm 78 has a constant radius, the cable dispensed per revolution is constant, despite the fact that the radius of the cable pack wound on the spool 60 varies widely during the dispensing of a full spool of cable.

Also, advantageously, when it is necessary to change the desired cable tension level, this can be done simply by sending a command signal from the tender through the cable 28.

The electro-mechanical brake can be engaged automatically when a pre-determined time after rotation of the motor 70 has stopped, and released when the motor 70 re-starts. The motor movement or lack thereof can be detected by the shaft position encoder 86.

If desired, special brake command signals can be sent from the tender 30 through the cable 28.

Although it should be apparent from the foregoing, all of the components of the dispenser should be made of materials highly resistant to salt water corrosion and the high water pressures existing at the depth anticipated for the laying of cable--e. g. , up to 6,000 feet.

Similarly, all motors, brakes, controllers, transducers and other electrical components should be housed in high-pressure proof housings, and should be pre-lubricated so that the dispensing unit can remain immersed for long periods of time without malfunction or maintenance.

The control of cable tension is very valuable because this is believed to largely prevent the possibility of"loose turns"on the spool, and other sources of tangling of the cable being dispensed. This

is very valuable because of the depth at which the dispenser must operate, and the cost and time required to retrieve or otherwise repair a malfunctioning dispenser.

The guiding of the cable through the hollow center of the spool and the support for the free end of the spool help to conserve precious space and reduce the weight and cost of the dispenser system.

It should be understood that the invention is not limited to use under oceans but can be used under many different types of water, whether fresh or salt water.

Although it is preferred to bury the cable in the bed of the body of water, it is not necessary to do so in all cases.

The dispensing mechanism is not limited to dispensing fiber-optic cable, but can dispense electrical or other types of cable, too.

The invention is not limited to use underwater. The invention can be used wherever the advantages described above make it particularly suitable for a cable- dispensing and cable laying situation, whether on dry land or underwater.

The above description of the invention is intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes or modifications in the embodiments described may occur to those skilled in the art. These can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.