DESCRIPTION

NEW GENERATION CABLE PREVENTING COPPER LOSS

Technical Field

This invention is related to manufacturing of a new generation cabie that consists of combination of two conducting plates and two plates made of dielectric materials and that prevents copper loss.

State of the Art

Magnetic field is produced intrinsically by moving electrical charges, time-varying electrical fields or elementary particles. Magnetic field is a vector quantity. It is defined through its direction and force at any point. Magnetic field is, in general sense, defined with Lorentz force that affects moving electrical charge. Magnetic field, electrical field, current and the relation between the charges causing emergence of former are all explained on the basis of Maxwell equations.

As it is already known, to create magnetic field, coils prepared with cables/wires, which are made of any metal such as copper or aluminum. As magnetic field constitutes fundamental element of many electrical and electronics devices and machines, it is of great importance in the scope of the technology.

In the state of the art; some theorems, items and parameters related to this issue are available within electric electronics literature. Although many laws, theorems, etc. explained in the literature are used in the framework of this patent request, some of them are considered as a base for the cable, which is the subject of the invention and for which patent is requested.

Above theorems, items and parameters are as follows;

- Maxwell Equations,

- Duality Theorem, - Parametric definitions of capacitance, inductance and resistance representing basic passive circuit elements.

In the state of the art, the following fixed losses are experienced in any electric machine operating with respect to magnetic field principle.

These losses are explained as following;

1- Magnetic losses originated due to:

a) Eddy Currents,

b) Hysteresis,

c) Magnetic Saturation.

2- Copper losses on conductors, which are used to obtain magnetic field.

3- Friction losses (not available in transformers)

All above are applicable both for electric motors / alternators and transformers. TRANSFORMERS:

When any electric machine is loaded to run with maximum efficiency, copper losses become equal to the iron losses. In this scope, efficiency means power efficiency, i.e. the ratio of the output power to the input power. The same situation is applicable also for maximum energy efficiency whenever the load is constant throughout the relevant period. In most transformers, the load displays great variability throughout its period and the optimum ratio of copper and iron losses based on fixed load assumption, may only represent a rough approach.

In the state of the art; following loss rates apply to transformers with good quality oil ones according to ABB Oil Distribution Transformer Catalogue (electronic version, page 13): Table -1

Oily Type / Medium Voltage Distribution Transformers kVA HV1 (V) No-I ad loss (P0) Loss under load (Pk 75°)

400 35000 620 5000

630 35000 840 7000

1000 35000 1600 9700

1600 35000 2400 14000

2000 30000 3200 21000

In addition; according to the data provided in ABB Vacuum Cast Coil Dry Type Distribution Transformers Catalogue (electronic version, page 16):

Table -2

HIGHEST VOLTAGE OF THE EQUIPMENT (Urn) 36 kV

RATED POWER (Sr) No-load loss (P0) Loss under load (Pk 75°)

KVA

160 960 2550

250 1280 3520

400 1650 5020

1000 3100 10240

3150 7500 26100

• Technical Data from IP 21 to 33

In the state of the art; the following conclusions are obtained on the basis of the above mentioned values. (Cos Φ: 1)

- The ratio of the lost power to the input power (Ploss/Pin) differs between 1 ,5 and 0,8 percentage and may decrease to lower values.

- The most significant of these losses is the copper loss, which may be between 3 and 7 times of magnetic losses.

- Although copper losses may, at first glance, seem to be low, greater values are observed when a city, country and even, all the world is taken into consideration. In the state of the art; it is known that copper loss of transformers depends on factors such as diameter of the conductor, its material (copper or aluminum), the current drawn and the operating frequency. Therefore, the manufacturers consider sections as to be greater than the original, which results with higher manufacturing expenses.

ELECTRIC MOTORS:

In the state of the art, electric motors do not convert 100 % of electrical energy into kinetic / mechanical energy.

In the state of the art, some input energy of electric motors is lost during its conversion into mechanical energy. Named as electrical power loss, these losses (bars and clamps, waste heat arisen due to resistance of winding, magnetic core losses, mechanical losses, brush contact losses) cause reduction in the "motor efficiency".

In the state of the art, electrical power losses are greater than half of overall losses of a motor.

If the state of the art is evaluated in general sense, all losses of any motor can be explained in percentage as following:

- Stator iron losses, approx. 30%,

- Rotor losses 20%,

- Stator copper losses 19%,

- Ball, fan and friction losses 13%,

- Stray losses 18%.

Above values are stated in a ppt. presentation dated November 22, 2009 by Artun Istepan Sabciyan, Electrical Engineer (M.Sc.) - Baldor - Turkey.

In the state of the art, cost of high-energy efficient motors is greater than any standard motor having same power level. Motor efficiency is defined as rate of output power to the input power. Total losses are found when output power is deducted from the input power. Therefore, the sole way to increase efficiency is to decrease losses.

In the state of the art, two options are available to decrease copper losses.

One of these options is reduction of the current, whereas the second is to reduce the ohmic resistance. Efficiency increases as magnetization current decreases.

In the state of the art, copper losses may be reduced through reduction in winding resistance. This requires greater conductor cross-section.

In the state of the art, slot dimensions are fixed for stator lamination configuration of any motor; hence, limitations are imposed on the quantity of conductors to be placed inside. To enlarge the above mentioned slot volume, lamination should be recreated. However, this process requires extremely high additional costs.

In the state of the art, motor manufacturers reduce losses through enlargement of rotor termination ring, redesign of rotor slots and usage of copper conductor instead of aluminum. All these options result with additional costs.

In the current technique;

The explanation below is provided in "Energy efficiency in electric motor systems: Technical potentials and policy approaches for developing countries" issued by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization in 1 1/201 1 and which is available on the following link:

http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user media/Services/Research and_Statistics/WPl 1201 l_Ebook.pdf

"On the basis of structure of industrial facility, electric motors consume approximately 60 - 70% of electrical energy used."

This statement indicates how it is important to eliminate copper losses of electric machines. On the other side, to provide better understanding on importance of copper losses in the scope of the current technique; Hiromitsu Tatsumi and Hitoshi Yoshino state the following in the article "High Efficiency Industrial Motors" published in "Mitsubishi Electric ADVANCE, Vol.103/SEPT. 2003" magazine:

"In order to reduce primary-copper losses further, it will be necessary to develop winding technologies that further increase the stator-slot coil-occupancy rate, further shortening the so-called "coil ends", i.e., the parts of the coils that extend beyond the coil slots. Although many new winding Technologies have been developed and major advances have been made in high-density winding methods, there is still a need to develop and implement new coil-fabrication-and-insertion Technologies for

distributed coils that can be used in three- phase motors to further reduce primary- copper loss. Reductions in secondary-copper losses will require efforts to increase the cross-sectional area of the motor slots and to decrease the resistance inherent in the conductive materials.

The development and application of aluminum melt-forging technology instead of cast aluminum conductors in order to obtain higher density conductors with fewer voids, and the development of manufacturing technologies for copper conductors, which have lower inherent resistances than aluminum conductors, are two viable approaches. "

In addition to the above mentioned studies and assessments, many real or legal entities conduct studies on conventional conductor method to obtain necessary magnetic field, but any approach similar to our application, which is the subject matter of our patent request, is not available. Our study represents a conceptual revolution in the framework of cable concept that shall justify definition of all available cables as "conventional cables". Cable / conductor wire definition completely changes in terms of AC.

The cable, which is the subject matter of the invention, eliminates all copper losses of stator and rotor, as well as Eddy currents are minimized through usage of the invented cable instead of rotor bars. In addition, the cable, which is subject matter of the invention, may be applied at any type of electric machine that includes coils (transformers, alternators, induction, commutated DC, synchronous, etc.). Because the primary aim is to use the invented cable conductor instead of the conventional conductors used to create magnetic field.

Besides, in the state of the art, the following link;

http://vmw.energymanagertraining.corn/CodesandManualsCD-5 Dec%2006/BEE%20CODE- %20ELECTRlC%20MOTORS.pdf for "BEE CODE ELECTRIC MOTORS" states on the pages 25 and 26 that total copper loss of any electric motor having output power of 37 kW is 2795,9 W, which represents 7,5% of output power. Even this simple evaluation shows that even if this new technique is used merely for electric motors, a significant rate of energy saving may be obtained.

Efficiency and copper loss ratios provided in the previous pages for the present technique (approx. 1%) are applicable for high-quality transformers. However, most transformers experience a loss rate of higher than 1%.

In the state of the art, it is known that a great amount of energy consumed is used by electric motors. Approximately all electric motors used worldwide are standard, i.e. low-efficiency motors.

In case of breakdown of motors, owners of the relevant motors do generally prefer to deliver them to coil winding operators for re-winding purposes instead of their delivery to the manufacturing factory or purchasing a new motor in the scope of current technique; however, this causes increase in losses. This situation further explains importance of aforesaid losses.

In the state of the art, approximately 23% of all energy produced in any country is consumed by motor systems according to the data of US Department of Energy issued on the following link: http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/OCTOBER 2004/kirkun oct04.html. More than 65% of industrial facilities' energy is consumed by motors. This explains how importance is our cable that prevents copper losses. The cable, which is the subject matter of the invention, simply consists of parallel capacitor groups (plate pairs) and an apparent (imaginer) parallel inductance obtained thereof with respect to definition of the capacitor.

In conclusion, due to above drawbacks and insufficiency of the available solutions, requirement has emerged to produce a new generation cabie that prevents copper loss of electric motors and transformers particularly.

Brief Description of the Invention

This invention relates to a new generation cable meeting all the above needs, eliminating entire disadvantages, bringing specific advantages and used at electric motors and transformers.

The invention aims to remove copper losses completely. All conventional electric machines (transformers, alternators and electric motors, etc.) possess significant level of copper loss and researches are conducted to eliminate aforementioned copper losses along with the other losses. In terms of copper losses, it is known that this process requires additional costs (known by the experts of this issue).

Conductivity becomes infinite at absolute zero in which case conductors are named as super-conductor.

Primary objective of the invention is to reduce DC (Direct Current) resistance (R) to zero at the normal operating conditions without any need for lower temperatures.

With respect to above objectives of the invention and on the basis of superconductors, one of the disadvantages of the cable, which is the subject matter of the invention, is its usage for AC (Alternating Current) and commutating DC (Direct Current) merely and limitation of the current with cable parameters. In other words, this cable-cannot be used at DC circuits. Another objective of the invention is to eliminate both all copper losses and a significant portion of magnetic losses. However, resonance frequency of our capacitive cable, the subject of invention, should be taken into account, which is available in the scope of any specific application. For example, when coils of any motor is wound using this cable, attention should be paid to prevent coincidence of resonance frequency of the coil created due to the cable used with operating frequency of the motor and its first (strong) harmonics and efficient design should be achieved by referring to other specific factors not indicated here.

The invention further aims to eliminate need for capacitors for compensation purposes through implementation of this system. Instead, usage of inductive compensators shall be required generally. The cable, which is subject of the invention, shall also be used along with the above mentioned compensators to restrain their copper losses.

The invention also aims to serve as a model for new methods to be developed to eliminate or reduce other losses of electric machines.

Another objective of the invention is its usage at any place where alternating current is available and at rotors of DC machines due to application of commutating type direct current.

The invention further aims to enable significant efficiency increase through elimination of copper loss of generators, as the invention can also be used for the generators on the basis of the above mentioned principle. However, specific design changes may be needed, if the invention is to be used in the context of generators.

As the cable, which is subject of the invention, is in the form of parallel combination of a condenser and coil, it has wide application area including RF (Radio Frequency). However, the most significant application areas are electric motors of industrial and household appliances and the transformers, which are indispensable in terms of electric energy distribution. Another objective of the invention is lighter weight of electric machines achieved through usage of the invented cable in comparison with those using "conventional" cables. In manufacturing process of this cable, extremely flexible and light materials may be used that are to be obtained through aluminum layer coating of both sides of special plastics or any other material having appropriate dielectric features.

Machines to be manufactured by using the cable invented shall be lighter, but larger in volume due to less usage of aluminum (or any other metal) in comparison with those benefitting from "conventional cable". But it is possible to obtain reasonable sizes during conversion stage of design into implementation. Moreover, small increase in volume of motor or transformers shall be accepted reasonable, when energy saving to be achieved is taken into consideration. It is also possible to increase power through rise in frequency. (Ic = Uc / Xc, here Xc = 1 / wC and w=2Trf). Less or non-usage of magnetic core with respect to operating frequency may be evaluated as an option provided that necessary torque shall be taken into consideration.

Another aim of the invention is to enable manufacturing of high-efficient electrical automobiles through electric motors to be produced on the basis of the above explained technology. In addition, as electrical energy shall be directly stored in the form of AC through the cable, which is subject of the invention; DC power supply (accumulator or various rechargeable batteries) and invertors which are used for electrical automobiles will not be needed at all; accordingly, saving in terms of volume and weight shall be achieved. Although it may be considered that volume and weight of AC Energy Storage Unit shall increase due to rise in power needed, this condition shall be evaluated in design stage to be performed in the scope of specific implementations.

A similar purpose of the invention, through usage of the cable invented, is to enable energy saving at portable devices for which minimization of consumed energy is of great importance, such as laptop computers, at fan motors used for cooling, etc. purposes and their transformers. Due to its composing consisting of an apparent (imaginary) inductance and a real capacitance, one of the foremost objective and advantages of the invention may be counted as following;

If same plates on both end of the cable are wound in the shape of coil and connected to each other as to create a closed loop (both ends of the first plate are interconnected and both ends of the second plate are connected to each other) and the internal resistance of the capacitor (R) may be produced at higher figures at the level of GQ, this system shall be almost an ideal resonance circuit. As in the case of battery, accumulator and super capacitors used for storage of electrical energy in the form of DC, this system can store the charged energy in the form of AC at its own resonance frequency. In other words, the above defined coil can be used to store electrical energy in the form of AC. Storage of electric energy as AC, which has not been achieved until now, can be realized by this simple system and the frequency of this AC energy is equal to resonance frequency of the cable used and any frequency can be obtained through well-designing of the cable. Since power loss is extremely low through electro-magnetic radiation at low frequencies, it may be used at mains frequency (50 Hz) or other frequencies not far from this frequency. Amount of the energy to be stored in the form of AC may be identified with respect to the requirements during design stage. In the scope of high-quality manufacturing, i.e. when the internal resistance is taken sufficiently high as in the case of super capacitors, this system can protect the stored electric energy in the form of AC for months. As this AC energy has the form of high-quality sinusoidal wave due to structure of the system (almost ideal inductance and ideal capacitance), any need for additional process is not required in the course of its usage.

Structural and characteristic properties of the invention and its overall advantages shall be clearly understood through following figures and detailed explanations arranged by referring to these figures; and therefore, relevant evaluations should be made on the basis of these figures and detailed explanations. Figures Assisting in Better Understanding of The Invention

"New generation cable preventing copper loss", which is subject of this patent request, is shown through the figures as following;

Figure 1 : Representative charged capacitor to enabie better understanding of the subject.

Figure 2: The capacitor whose representative plates are drawn vertically on paper to enable better understanding of the subject. (Plates are wound onto each other to optimize volume.)

Figure 3: A part of the capacitor explained in Figure 2.

Figure 4: Two pairs of plate of the representative charged capacitor to enable better understanding of the subject.

Figure 5: Two pairs of plate where undesired extra electric field emerging between thereof is also displayed.

Figure 6: Capacitor shown to enable better understanding of the subject, (it is accepted that displacement current passing through when its charged with the current lc is the source of magnetic field B.)

Figure 7: 3 pairs of plates where electric and magnetic fields are displayed separately for each to enable better understanding of the subject.

Figure 8: Displacement current vectors corresponding the pairs of plates shown in Figure 7.

Figure 9: Current and magnetic fields of 8 plate pairs inserted side by side as to create a cylinder.

Figure 10: Three plate pairs placed side by side.

Figure 11 : Circular placement of 24 units of plate pairs displayed in Figure 10 to obtain the magnetic field explained in Figure 9. Plates indicated with L2 are connected as to be parallel to each other. Same is applicable for the plates indicated as L1. Plates are vertical to the paper plane.

Figure 12: Additional plate inserted between two pairs of plates to decrease undesired capacity.

Figure 13: Electrical equivalence of plates in figure 12. Figure 14: Plates to be used to obtain the cylindrical system in Figure 11.

Figure 15: Cable, which is subject of the invention, (it may be triangular or quadrate, cylindrical or any section and in any length as per the needs.)

Figure 16: View of the plate pairs folded in sequence as to obtain dielectric plate perpendicular to the plane of the paper. But this placement is inaccurate as it is explained above; because, magnetic fields counteract each other in this type of placement.

Figure 17: Vertical view of plate pairs to the paper plane in which case plate pairs are folded as to make magnetic fields of all plate pairs in sequence support each other provided that dielectric plate shall be available between them. Plate showing the fine line is always placed at right side; whereas, the plate indicating thick dash is on left side. This is ensured through continuous folding at bottom and top. "d" shows the part where useful magnetic field is obtained between plate pairs. The distance demonstrated with "D" is the part where undesired magnetic field occurs between plate pairs when these pairs are placed back to back. Even though two parts indicated in "D" are not drawn in equal widths, distance "D" between plate pairs is same at anywhere and accurate assessment should be done on incorrect figures. Figure 18: Equivalent circuit of the cable, which is subject of the invention.

Figure 19: Perspective view demonstrating vertical winding of conductor pairs without any folding.

Drawings should not be necessarily scaled and unnecessary details may be ignored to provide better understanding of the current invention. In addition, items, which, to a greater extent, are identical or which, substantially, have identical functions are indicated with same figure- Explanation on Part References

1. Cable, the subject of the invention

2. Metal Plate

2.1 First Plate

2.2 Second Plate

3. Dielectric Plate 4. Folding part

p. Plate

q. Plate

L1 Plate

L2 Plate

Letters on figures that are explained in electric, electronic and physics terminology are not numbered. Besides, some letters on figures are numbered to prevent any confliction with the letters used in electric, electronic or physics terminology. However, any expression within the sentence is identified in parenthesis.

Theory to prove industrial applicability of present invention:

Explanations in this section are provided to describe how objectives of the cable invented are realized. These explanations should not be evaluated as restricting effect or any other invention, which is different than the present invention. This section is needed to "clarify" how invention objectives are realized. The present invention, i.e. the cable would also be described without this section, but operation logic of the present invention, i.e. the cable shall be better understood by those having knowledge about the subject through this section.

Proof of industrial applicability of the invention has been demonstrated by means of a prototype made before submission of our patent application and relevant solutions are proved by us after completion of necessary testing.

This system is based on the fact that any component consuming active energy is not available on a capacitor.

Dielectric losses are reduced through usage of today's technology to the extent that such losses may be ignored at any case. In fact, super-capacitors serve as a proof in this sense. Extreme heating problem in transformers and motors, as well as frequent motor burning matters are experienced in current industrial conditions. In most cases, motors burned are delivered to the winding operators due to its appropriate cost. However, if accurate winding is not performed, efficiency of motors decreases.

If Maxwell Equations are referred to eliminate above drawbacks and if Duality Theorem is correct, then a requirement emerges to obtain mechanical energy from electric field through usage of capacitors rather than coil. Accordingly, "// magnetic field is created by the current passing between two points, then, according to Maxwell equations, magnetic field can be obtained from any capacitor through which current flows".

Even though this current flowing through the capacitor has not any DC component, it is a vector as AC components or in other words, has a direction as a phasor, which, in turn, 90° vertical to the plates of the capacitor. In details, high-capacity, low-volume capacitors are obtained by winding these plates around specific axis. Therefore, the current flowing through each part of this capacitor, and consequently, electric fields created by aforementioned current neutralizes each other as an outcome of the cylindrical structure.

To benefit from magnetic field of the capacitor, if it is assumed that a capacitor consists of small plate pairs connected in parallel to each other and if linearity theorem is applicable in this context, then a requirement arises on turning of magnetic fields of plate pairs to same direction as to support each other.

Direction speed of electric field varies based on the frequency. (Figure 1).

Maxwell Equations

Differential form for the conditions where any magnetic and polarized environment is not available: I. Gauss Law on Electricity ^ .. E =pi€o = Airkp

II. Gauss Law on Magnetism V JB = 0

III. Faraday's Induction Law VXE = --dBldt

IV. Ampere Law = ^wkfc^ ^" + (Ife ² ) dE/dt

In this equation k -= 1/4n£o Coulomb Constant and _c * = ι/ _μδ ε ₀

As this article is not a theoretical article, rather is a patent request, it is not necessary to explain technical details. However, the 3 ^rd Law of Maxwell Equations shows that magnetic field can be obtained by benefitting from electric field, which, in reality, has many practices. It should be reminded that Maxwell Equations are applicable in any environment where any material having magnetic property and which may be polarization is not available.

Figure 2 represents a capacitor and displays top/bottom view of the plate. In other words, both plates are vertical to the plane of the paper. Plates are connected to the phase and neutral or (with respect to the implementation) between two phases.

Current vectors obtained after detailed analysis of any part of the capacitor are shown in figure 3.

It is obvious that total net current vector shall be zero or almost zero; because, all current vectors have same power, but in opposite direction. Consequently, magnetic field on the capacitor cannot be identified.

These vectors should be turned at the same direction one by one to eliminate the above mentioned problem.

To achieve this, each plate pairs should be considered as extremely short cable parts and the direction of each one should be changed as to make them directed at the same direction.

Figure 4 should be taken into consideration to explain the problem. Two plates of a capacitor having appropriate dielectric material is shown in Figure 4. These are folded as to be vertical to the paper plane as shown in Figure 4. In this case, electric field shall emerge between two plates under AC within a specific time period. Assume that plate named as (p) is (-) negatively charged and plate (q) is (+) positively charged. In this case, electric fields within first and second plate pairs shall be in opposite direction with an angle of 180°. Therefore, totai eiectric fieid to be observed just nearside of plates is:

E - E = 0 V/m hence, shall counteract each other.

Effective product's current vector is, therefore, zero. In such cases, the magnetic field exists here will have the same behavior due to fringing electric field effusing through edge of plates. However, this field, when viewed from edge, shall be more effective than the regular electric field in interior sections. (Figure 4)

On the other side, if the space between both plate pairs is analyzed, any electric field shall not arise, as opposite plates have the same load (+ or - charged). (Figure 4)

Here, the basic problem is to turn both electric fields to the same direction. This drawback is eliminated by reversing each plate pair one by one as it is shown in Figure 5.

Assume that reversing of overall plate pairs' direction in Figure 5 is applied in any system having various plate pairs. In this case, all current (and accordingly, electric field) vectors shall be in same direction as to support each other. However, there still remains a drawback: although electric fields between the plates (distance d) is at the same direction as to support each other, another undesired magnetic field is created between external surfaces of plate pairs (the part whose width is indicated in D in Figure 5) and weakens total electric field due to its reverse direction. This problem may be eliminated through application of one of the following methods: Magnetic behavior of materials is indicated on the basis of five basic groups:

1. Diamagnetism (Au, Cu),

2. Paramagnetism (β-Sn, Pt, Mn),

3. Ferromagnetism (Fe),

4. Ferrimagnetism (Cr),

5. Antiferromagnetism (Ba ferrite).

This data is provided on the following link:

http ://www. birmingham. ac . uk/research/activity/metallurgy- materials/magnets/background/magnetic-materials-types.aspx

According to Duality theorem, dielectric materials having similar, but dual behaviors with magnetic materials should be available in the nature (or at least should be obtained).

Duality theorem is applicable for electric field - magnetic field pairs. Hence, similar classification should be valid for electric field.

Dielectric constants are variable and are a function of electric field applied. In this scope, we consider low-frequency dielectric constants. Moreover, as dielectric constant depends on frequency and temperature, dielectric material to be selected should be well-analyzed by taking usage area of the cable into consideration.

Electric field between plate pairs shown in Figure 6 is vertical to these plates. Maxwell equations explain that magnetic field should be vertical to the electric field. Therefore, magnetic field is parallel to the plates. Though electric field and accordingly, magnetic field act irregularly on edges of plates (fringing electric field), this shall be ignored in this stage. According to the 3 ^rd Law of Maxwell (IV. Ampere Law), as electric field depends on time, an electric field emanate:

IV. Ampere law vXB = (4*rkfc?)J + ^■ (1 c ² ) d dt

= J/£ o c ² + (1/c ² ) dEidt- This shows that the necessary magnetic field can be obtained from electric field to be used for any electric machinery.

As it is explained above, magnetic field vectors of all plate pairs are arranged so that they support each other as to obtain strong magnetic field in the scope of cable, which is subject of the invention.

With respect to Figure 7, both distances within and between plate pairs are attached of great values to explain the subject easier. Electrical connection between 3 plate pairs is not indicated only to simplify the figure. All plates demonstrated in (q) are connected in parallel to each other to (+) pole; whereas, plates indicated with (p) are connected as to be parallel to each other to (-) pole. When the power is applied, an electric field (E) vertical to the plates shall arise, which will cause emergence of a magnetic field (B) that is vertical to the electric field (hence, parallel to the plates). Direction of this magnetic field can easily be identified with aid of the displacement current according to the right-hand rule.

Figure 7 shows that the volume within each plate pairs can be evaluated as a conductor part through which current flows. These plate pairs acting as extremely short conductors through which current flows create magnetic field due to this current as in the case of conducting wires. 3 plate pairs displayed in Figure 7 (capacitor) are symbolized in Figure 8 as short wires inside of which current Ί" is passing. Each wire (plate pair) part creates a magnetic field around itself. As their currents are at the same direction, their magnetic fields also support each other.

In conclusion, these plate pairs show behavior of conventional cables and create a strong magnetic field. To increase strength of magnetic field, the wire should be longer, i.e. amount of its windings should be increased; in the scope of this design, length and amount of windings of the conductive wire consisting of successive plate pairs, which are added as to enable their magnetic fields to support each other, should be increased (increasing quantity of plate pairs). Meaning that, this system acts as a conductive wire in terms of alternating current (AC). While selecting appropriate dielectric material, dielectric conductivity (σ= C0£o£) should be taken into account to minimize dielectric losses. Since largest capacity under smallest volume is needed, dielectric materials used should have great dielectric coefficient and low loss tangent.

If each plate pairs are placed side by side as to create a cylinder as shown in Figure 9, they shall act together as a single conductor impact over which ΔΙ current flows.

This is just what we aim. If proper dielectric material for the capacitor (parallel plate pairs) and any other dielectric material to minimize the parasitic (undesired) capacity between the said plate pairs (gap "D" in Figure 5 and Figure 1 1) are found, this mechanism shall create a single-winding coil impact consisting of a single coil creating a magnetic field B.

Attention should be paid to the fact that any copper loss is not experienced, as the current flowing through the circuit is pure AC component not having any DC components.

Magnetic field between two plates is;

B(t) = μ ^* I

and this shows that magnetic field depends on the current. (Other factors having effect on voltage and this current are ignored here temporarily). Magnetic field to be obtained as an outcome of practices with this cable may be determined by addition of an adjustment coefficient using the said statement.

To create the cable, the subject of the invention, plate pairs demonstrated in Figure 10 should be connected to each other electrically and placed in a circular form. Accordingly, a single cable coil is obtained. As it is already known, magnetic field is reinforced whenever number of coils increases. According to the top view of plate pairs in Figure 11 or in other words, if they are shown as to be vertical to the paper plane, all arrangement shall display the same behavior with a single-coil conventional cable. Each plate pair is reversed one by one to make their magnetic field to support each other in the same direction during their placement process. Implementation method;

According to the 1 ^st and 2 ^nd terms in the 4 ^th Law of Maxwell, magnetic field depends on both voltage applied and the current flowing through. Therefore, when a power supply having fixed voltage and variable frequency is used, magnetic field may be strengthened by increasing the frequency.

However, the greatest drawback to be encountered is emergence of a magnetic field between each plate pairs, that is in opposite direction to the useful magnetic field and hence, that weakens the said useful field. 4 methods are available to eliminate or at least, mitigate this undesired condition:

1 ) Duality Theorem requires existence of materials having dia-electric or para- electric effect. Dielectric plate to be made of one of such materials shall be placed within distance "D" between two plate pairs (Figure 5 and Figure 11 ) and provide significant reduction in undesired capacity. Selection of this layer (thickness and other properties) depends on dielectric features of the material and characteristics of the cable to be manufactured. Non-existence or non- provision of such a material shall cause invalidation of Duality Theorem.

2) Combination of serial capacitors may be used to reduce capacity within space "D" (and therefore, the current and resulting magnetic field there).

Two plate pairs are placed as to enable placement of metal plate of same dimension between them as shown in Figure 12. This arrangement corresponds to 2 more capacitors in Figure 13:

A and D in Figure 3 represent the capacity of original plate pairs; whereas, B and C stands for the capacity arisen due to the plate inserted between them. (Ceq value of equivalent capacitor)

1/ Ceq = 1/Cb+ 1/Cc hence, it is extremely small. This means that undesired capacity between 2 plate pairs and therefore, the current is reduced to a smaller value. If a 2 ^nd metal plate is inserted in-between, number of serial connected capacitors within the said undesired area increases to 3, which cause more reduction in equivalent capaciiy. The piates added thereto should not be connected anywhere. However, it should be considered that this method enables reduction in first component of IV. Maxwell Law. Undesired total magnetic field remains the same.

ΔΙ current flows through each plate pairs and each plate pair experiences different but equal currents in amount. If number of plate pairs is indicated with "n", total current flowing through a single coil of the cable invented is:

∑l = n ^* ΔΙ

More realistically, current in a single coil shall be:

∑l = n ^* ( ΔΙ - ΔΓ).

Where ΔΓ is "undesired' current passing between each plate pairs which are side by side, which should be reduced to a possible lowest value. Following is the total current flowing through the coil that is obtained by a cable having windings "N", which is subject of the invention, in the form of coil:

∑l = Ν ^* η*(ΔΙ - ΔΓ).

3) Leaving a suitable electret layer between plate pairs ("D" space in Figure 5 and Figure 1 1). But, this solution should be well analyzed, as electret layer, at the first alternance, removes the capacity on one side, whereas, increases the capacity on the other side. Opposite situation is experienced at the second alternance. In addition, it is important to analyze the impacts that may arise on the electret remaining continuously within electric and magnetic fields. 4) Any material having low dielectric coefficient may be used between plate pairs ("D" distance in Figure 5 and 11). By this way, stray capacity and undesired magnetic field in opposite direction is minimized. As dual of ferro-magnetic material within plate pairs, ferro-electric material can be used to increase capacity of plate pairs ("d" distance in Figure 5 and Figure 11). In addition, even usage of the same material within spaces "d" and "D" shall result with reduction in undesired capacity (therefore, undesired magnetic field in opposite direction). With respect to Figure 5, if d=0,2 mm and D=2 mm, then capacity of plate pairs shall be 10 times of undesired capacity within "D" space between two plate pairs. If coefficient of dielectric material in "d" space between plate pairs is selected as er = 10 and in "D" as er = 5, the useful capacity shall be 20 times greater than undesired capacity. Besides, on the basis of the current advanced capacitor technology, it is obvious that efficient solutions can be obtained using the available dielectric materials.

To obtain a strong magnetic field in Figure 14, number of coils should be increased.

According to Figure 14, two metal plates between which a dielectric layer exists are available and this is exactly a capacitor. 14 plate pairs having same dimension are available and dielectric layer having width "d" is available between these plates. In this case, capacity of each plate pairs is:

C = eo*e _r * I * D / d and total capacity is (by ignoring parasitic capacities) Ceq = n * eo*er* D / d here, "n" is number of plate pairs.

Part indicated with "h" between plate pairs in Figure 14 is the folding part to be used to reverse them in order to convert magnetic field of each one into the same direction. Thereby, total magnetic field will increase, as smaller magnetic fields of each plate pairs shall support each other. In reality, "h" is longer than what is displayed here and shall be better understood in following sections. This part enables L1 and L2 to remain always on left and right side respectively, as indicated in Figure 11. In conclusion, operating logic of the cable, which is subject of the invention, is explained theoretically on the basis of the above explanations. Following detailed explanations give also insight into the cable invented. Any decision and evaluation should be made on the basis of detailed explanation.

Detailed Description of the invention

In the scope of this detailed description, preferred structuring of the cable preventing copper loss is explained to provide better understanding of the subject and as to prevent any limiting effect.

Additionally, some issues described in detailed explanation to assist in better understanding of the invention may be used differently within the sentences for cohesion purposes. Items expressed in different statements are, in fact, represent the item having same numbering.

Detailed description of the invention is, indeed, made through the figures and expressions referring to the figures in previous section.

Following the previous part submitting a proof on implementation of the invention, there does not exist so many issues to be explained in this part. When the invention is theoretically proved, it is simplified.

In fact, the invention is so simple that it is obtained through placement of two conducting plates and two dielectric plates in sequence.

Plates are positioned by folding in reverse side to adjust direction of magnetic field. By this way, magnetic fields of all plate pairs are turned into the same direction and the resultant magnetic field is reinforced. Plates should be manufactured as to prevent vibration and heating and to obtain fixed capacity, as in the case of ceramic, electrolytic or film capacitors. In addition, the gap between each plate pairs where undesired electric field arises should be arranged as to minimize undesired electric field and to place maximum plate pairs within unit length to obtain stronger magnetic field.

Metal plates and dielectric material in between to be used for the cable invented shall be made to obtain largest capacity in smallest volume, like electrolytic or ceramic capacitors. If its length is, for example, 500 m (see Figure 14), then it shall be folded so that electric field of each plate pair should be in the same direction as indicated n Figure 15. Cable obtained through above method shall be, for instance, 5 m, which is extremely shorter than 500 m.

Rectangle or square (quadrangular prism) or circular (cylindrical) cable invented should be coated with insulation material of appropriate properties, like conventional cables.

The cables should be manufactured in compliance with twisting and bending conditions, because they shall be used at anywhere where current electric cables (or magnet wires) are used.

Both head-ends of the present invention are suitable for insertion of terminal blocks, clamps, etc. However, attention should be paid to the fact that TWO connections on one head-end or ONE connection on each head-end should be made. In other words, although the cable has physically 4 terminals, connection shall be made from TWO points as not to make any damage on capacitive property. Another important issue is the fact that folding area is "dead" region where one of both sides on which magnetic field creates external effect should be left beneath during winding process of the cable. Equivalent circuit of the present invention, the cable, is displayed in figure 18.

In Figure 18;

r: DC resistance of the material used, which is smaller than 1 Ω. In practice, it may be ignored.

L: Inductance of the cable.

C: Capacitance of the cable.

R: Internal resistance of the cable between two conductive plates.

When this cable is manufactured, its most important feature shall be C/m (unit capacitance). For example, 0, 1 pF/m shall be provided for any cable, which means that 1 meter shall have the capacity of 0,1 pF. In addition, cable shall be defined on the basis of maximum operating frequency, nominal power, operating temperature, maximum angle of twist up to which the cable shall not be damaged and similar parameters.

According to an alternative structuring of the invention, magnetic field may be obtained by winding plate pairs vertically on winding axis without any folding, but this magnetic field then becomes vertical to the desired direction (winding axis). This poses a problem. Besides, it is not possible to wind plate pairs in this manner. However, this may be actualized by means of monolithic and rigid production. Therefore, folded form is desired in the scope of our patent request, because it may be used as normal cable and the direction of magnetic field is in desired side; but this second alternative is also covered in the scope of our patent request. In fact, folded form in normal cable style has been preferred due to the relevant implementation possibilities in the course of prototype testing; however, it is obvious that this should also be covered in the scope of the patent in so far as any trouble shall not be experienced in terms of monolithic manufacturing during industrial implementation stage.

This issue is displayed in Figure 19. Here, distances "d" and "D" correspond to the distances "d" and "D" provided in folded cable design in Figure 5 and Figure 17.