MODULE

BACKGROUND

[0001] The embodiments relate to a hybrid cooling tray for an EV (electric vehicle) battery module and more specifically to a hybrid cooling tray with turbulators.

[0002] A cooling or coolant tray or cover is an important part of a battery thermal management system as it maintains a safe operating temperature of a battery. The cooling tray is typically made of aluminum plates using sheet damping or hydroforming processes. Cost and weight of metal parts can be relatively high. In addition, cost of a manufacturing process can be relatively high, which may prevent an adoption of an optimal design for thermal-hydraulic performance. A relatively inefficient cooling tray design may lead to a low overall efficiency and a non-uniform cooling for the battery module.

[0003] US Patent Application Pub. No. 2016/0036104 to Kenney, et al. discloses a cooling plate with turbulizers stamped into a bottom portion.

[0004] DE102017008165 to Dragicevic, et al., adds turbulators of differing areal density to the metallic battery cooler of US9531045 to Girmscheid.

[0005] CN11367009A to nftig et al., discloses a cooling plate having fins or turbulators the location of which is visible from the exterior of the cooling plate.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0006] US Patent Application Pub. No. 2016/0036104 to Kenney, et al., and DEI 02017008165 to Dragicevic each fail to disclose cooling plates made from something other than stamped metal, thereby failing to unlock the potential of turbulators design. CN11367009A fails to take advantage of a superior battery-to-cooling plate thermal connection provided by a surface with no voids or interuptions. In contrast, the disclosure relates to a hybrid cooling tray for a battery pack, having a metal top for superior thermal coupling with a battery, and a polymeric tray, which may not conduct heat as well as a metal, but provides for superior turbulators design. The tray can include a base defining a first end and a second end that can be lengthwise spaced apart from each other and a first side and a second side that can be widthwise spaced apart from each other, and wherein the base defines an inner surface and an outer surface; wherein the inner surface defines a coolant channel having an upstream end configured to receive a coolant flow and a downstream end configured to discharge the coolant flow, wherein the coolant channel defines a first transverse side and a second transverse side that extend between the upstream and downstream ends, and turbulators can be disposed within the coolant channel between the upstream and downstream ends and extend heightwise from the base, and wherein: at least two of the turbulators have a differing size, shape, pitch, yaw or roll orientation relative to each other; or a turbulator density per square unit area of the coolant channel differs from the upstream end to the downstream end of the coolant channel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0007] The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example and not limited in the accompanying figures in which like reference numerals indicate similar elements.

[0008] FIG. 1 shows a cooling tray with a battery pack in a typical configuration;

[0009] FIG. 2 shows a cooling tray with a battery pack according to an embodiment;

[0010] FIG. 3 A is a detail of a portion of FIG. 2, showing turbulators that can be protrusions and/or dimples;

[0011] FIG. 3B is a segment of a coolant channel of the cooling tray showing turbulators according to an embodiment, where the turbulators can be wedge shaped;

[0012] FIG. 3C is a segment of a coolant channel of the cooling tray showing turbulators according to an embodiment, where the turbulators can be cone shaped;

[0013] FIG. 3D is a segment of a coolant channel of the cooling tray showing turbulators according to an embodiment, where the turbulators can be dimple shaped;

[0014] FIG. 4 is a segment of a coolant channel of the cooling tray showing turbulators according to an embodiment, where the turbulators can be rib shaped;

[0015] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a segment of a coolant channel of the cooling tray showing turbulators according to an embodiment, where the turbulators can be airfoil shaped and transversely adjacent turbulators can be aligned with each other along a channel transverse center axis;

[0016] FIG. 6 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 5;

[0017] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a segment of a coolant channel of the cooling tray showing turbulators according to an embodiment, where the turbulators can be airfoil shaped and transversely adjacent turbulators can be offset from each other along a channel transverse center axis;

[0018] FIG. 8 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 7;

[0019] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a segment of a coolant channel of the cooling tray showing turbulators according to an embodiment, where the turbulators can be airfoil shaped and configured so adjacent leading edges of adjacent turbulators along a channel transverse center axis abut each other and trailing edges can be spaced apart from each other;

[0020] FIG. 10 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 9;

[0021] FIG. 11 is an example ofa tray considered in a baseline analysis of the effectiveness of a disclosed design;

[0022] FIG. 12 is an example of a tray considered against the baseline analysis; and

[0023] FIG. 13 shows a temperature gradient along a top plate when designs of FIGS. 11 and 12 are utilized.

[0024] FIG. 14 shows a top view of flow-reversing turbulators, according to some examples.

[0025] FIG. 15A shows a baseline straight channel.

[0026] FIG. 15B shows a rib turbulators, according to an example.

[0027] FIG. 15C shows a topology optimized design.

[0028] FIG. 16 shows data pertaining to FIGS. 15A-C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Aspects of the disclosed embodiments will now be addressed with reference to the figures. Aspects in any one figure is equally applicable to any other figure unless otherwise indicated. Aspects illustrated in the figures are for purposes of supporting the disclosure and are not in any way intended on limiting the scope of the disclosed embodiments. Any sequence of numbering in the figures is for reference purposes only.

[0030] FIG. 1 shows a typical hybrid cooling tray 100 design, which has a (thermally or heat conductive) cover plate 110 and a plastic tray (or base) 120. The tray 120 can have parallel channels 130A, 130B, such as for passing fluid through, such as gas or liquid coolant 135. The cover plate 110 can be made of any heat conductive material, e.g. steel, preferably aluminum. The cover plate 110 and the bottom tray 120 can be bonded couple to define a fluid-tight conduit, such as to prevent coolant leakage. The cover plate 110 and the tray 120 can be coupled by an adhesive. A battery pack 140 can be positioned against the plate 110 and coolant 150 is flowed over the tray 100, from an inlet 160 to an outlet 170, to cool the battery pack 140.

[0031] According to embodiments, relatively complex designs of coolant channel layouts can be incorporated to enhance an overall heat transfer performance while maintaining a reasonable pressure drop. Thus, heat transfer enhancement through the utilization of turbulators can be leveraged. [0032] Turning to FIG. 2, according to an embodiment, a hybrid cooling tray 100 is shown. The tray 100 includes a base 120 defining a first end 180 and a second end 190 that can be lengthwise spaced apart from each other. The base 120 includes a first side 200 and a second side 210 that can be widthwise spaced apart from each other. The base 120 defines an inner surface 220 and an outer surface 230.

[0033] The inner surface 220 defines a coolant channel (or conduit) 130 that may have a substantially consistent cross section along its length. The coolant channel 130 as shown has a serpentine (or U) shape that defines elongate parallel coolant channels 130A, 130B (also referred to as channels 130A, 130B) that extend lengthwise relative to the base 120 and can be interconnected at squared turns 130C, 130D. The channel 130 has an upstream end 240 configured to receive a coolant flow 150 and a downstream end 250 configured to discharge the coolant flow 150. The upstream and downstream ends 240, 250 of the coolant channel 130 may both be located either at the first end 180 or second end 190 of the base 120. In the illustrated embodiment, the upstream and downstream ends 240, 250 can be located at the second end 190 of the base 120. The upstream end 240 of the coolant channel 130 can include a coolant inlet port 160 and the downstream end 250 of the coolant channel 130 can include a coolant discharge (or outlet) port 170. The channel 130 defines a first transverse side 270 and a second transverse side 280 that extend between the upstream and downstream ends 240, 250 and allow for coolant to flow to the channels 130A, 130B via the turns 130C, 130D.

[0034] The base 120 has a base outer perimeter boundary 290 defining an outer perimeter shape. The tray 100 includes the cover plate 110 that has a cover plate outer perimeter boundary 300 that defines an outer perimeter shape that can complement the base outer perimeter shape. The cover plate 110 can be positioned against the base 120 to enclose the coolant channel 130. For example, the cover plate 110 can be bonded to the base 120. Alternatively, the cover plate 110 can be fastened to the base 120, e.g., via a clamp 310 (shown schematically) and a seal member 320 (partially illustrated), which can be an elastomeric ring or gasket, can be disposed between the cover plate 110 and the base 120.

[0035] As shown in FIGS. 3A-3D, turbulators 330 can be formed within the coolant channel 130 between the upstream and downstream ends 240, 250 (FIG. 2) and between the first and second transverse sides 270, 280. The turbulators can be solid. The base 120 can be formed of a solid monolith. The base can be injection molded 120. The base can be manufactured by subtractive manufacturing or additive manufacturing. As shown in FIG. 3 A, the turbulators 330 may include alternating rows of projections 340 and impressions (dimples) 350, where the rows extend in the transverse direction and can be adjacent to each other along a transverse center axis the form of scooped-out or concave hemispherical shapes (dimples) and the protrusions 340 also can be hemispherical or convex shapes. The rows of turbulators 330 can alternatively form a wedge shape 331 (FIG. 3B), a cone shape 332 (FIG. 3C) or a single large dimple 333 having a diameter that is at least half a transverse dimension of the coolant channel 130 (FIG. 3D). As shown in FIGS. 3A-3D, adjacent rows of the turbulators 330 can be transversely shifted relative to each other to provide a winding path for coolant traveling in the coolant channel 130, and thus enhance the turbulent effect in the coolant flow. A turbulator density per square unit area of the coolant channel 130 can differ from the upstream end to the downstream end of the coolant channel 130 in order to promote turbulent flow along the flow path. For example, there can be more, turbulators 330 in locations where laminar flow is likely to exist. Alternatively, the density can be provided where additional surface area into the coolant flow is desired to enhance heat transfer (e.g., downstream).

[0036] FIGS. 3A-3D show some examples of different types of turbulators for enhancing the heat transfer from the top metal plate to the coolant flow passing through the channels. A combination of different types of turbulators can be incorporated into a single cooling tray design. The arrangement of turbulators can be provided to alter the local heat transfer characteristics to accommodate any specific cooling requirement by the battery module design. For example, the size, height, pitch of the turbulator can be varied along the flow direction to compensate for the decreasing heat removal due to temperature rise in coolant flow. For example, ones or rows of the turbulators 332A (FIG. 3C) that can be closer to the downstream end 250 of the channel 130 can have a greater height than ones or rows of the turbulators 332B that can be closer to the upstream end 240 of the channel 130. That is, at least two of the turbulators 330 can have a differing size, shape, pitch, yaw or roll orientation relative to each other, discussed in greater datil below). Alternatively or in addition thereto, as indicated, a turbulator density per square unit area of the coolant channel 130 can differ from the upstream end to the downstream end of the coolant channel 130.

[0037] That is, e.g., for at least two of the turbulators in a channel, a size, shape or orientation within the coolant channel 130 can differ from each other. This type of design can be used to provide uniform heat extraction from the battery module/pack 140 (FIG. 1).

[0038] As shown in FIGS. 4-10, in embodiments, the turbulators 330 include a first set of turbulators 330A distributed along the first transverse side 270 of the coolant channel 130, between the upstream and downstream ends 240, 250 of the coolant channel 130 (FIG. 2). A second set of turbulators 330B is distributed along the second transverse side 280 of the coolant channel 130, 5 between the upstream and downstream ends 240, 250 of the coolant channel (FIG. 2). As can be appreciated, one channel 130A of the coolant channel 130 is shown in FIGS. 4-10.

[0039] The first and second sets of turbulators 330A, 330B can be transversely spaced apart from each other to define a center flow path 360 therebetween, extending from the downstream end 250 to the upstream end 240 of the coolant channel 130.

[0040] The turbulators 330 can be shaped as a rectangular rib (FIG. 4) or an airfoil (FIGS. 5-10). The turbulators 330 can be boomerang or chevron shaped along a cross-section parallel to the first plane (395L x 395T shown for reference in FIG. 4). The airfoil can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. The airfoil shape can be orientated with respect to the flow direction in a way to provide a smooth converging section for the flow to create vertices which will help increase the heat transfer and limit the pressure drop across the channel. With the airfoil turbulator configuration of FIGS. 5 and 6 the turbulators 330 can be arranged in a repeating pattern to form a converging section in the upstream direction, which can provide a maximum turbulence and high heat removal rate. This configuration can also lead to relatively higher-pressure drop. With the airfoil turbulator configuration of FIGS. 7 and 8, the turbulators 330 on one side of the channel 130A can be offset relative to the other side to facilitate the mixing of flow from the first set of turbulators 330A to the second set of turbulators 330B. Due to offset configuration, there is sufficient forward flow of the coolant leading to a relatively lower pressure drop. With the airfoil turbulator configuration of FIGS. 9 and 10, the turbulators 330 can be arranged in a manner to increase the overall flow length for the coolant along the channel. This arrangement could lead to a relatively lower pressure drop.

[0041] In addition to above variations in configurations of the shape and orientation of the turbulators 330, it also within the scope of the disclosure to vary the height of the turbulators as indicated with FIG. 3C, above. That is shorter turbulators 330 can be located at a downstream end of the channel 130A and taller turbulators 330B can be locate at an upstream end of the channel 130A to keep the heat transfer relatively constant throughout the length of the channel.

[0042] As labeled in FIGS. 4, 6, 8, and 10, each of the turbulators 330 defines a leading edge 370, and a turbulator body 380 extending from the leading edge 370 to a trailing edge 390. As labeled in FIGS. 4, 6 and 8, a turbulator body axis 400 is defined between the leading and trailing edges 370, 390.

[0043] A yaw angle 410 is defined by a rotation of the turbulator body axis 400, when formed, relative to the channel transverse center axis (or channel center axis) 355 (or axis parallel to it) in a plane extending in the transverse direction 395T and the lengthwise direction 395L (i.e., a first plane). For example, changing the yaw angle 410 of a turbulator results in repositioning of the leading and trailing edges of a turbulator along a floor of the channel 130A. That is, such repositioning would be equivalent to a cylinder that extends heightwise from the floor of the channel 130A being turned about its center axis. The yaw angle 410 can be empirically measured for any turbulator shape that has any type of asymmetry when viewed along the heightwise direction 395H toward the first plane (e.g., a viewpoint from above the channel 130A).

[0044] A roll angle 411 is defined by a rotation of the turbulator body axis 400, when formed, about the channel center axis 355 (or axis parallel to it) in a plane extending in the transverse direction 395T and in the heightwise direction 395H (i.e., a second plane). For example, changing the roll angle 411 of a turbulator results in repositioning of side portions of a turbulator, e.g., by lowering one side of the turbulator relative to the floor of the channel 130A and raising the other side relative to the floor. That is, such repositioning would be equivalent to a cylinder that extends lengthwise along the floor of the channel 130A being turned about its center axis. The roll angle 411 can be empirically measured for any turbulator shape that has any type of asymmetry when viewed along the lengthwise direction 395L of the channel 130A toward the second plane (e.g., from the viewpoint of the lengthwise ends of the channel 130A).

[0045] A pitch angle 412 is defined by a rotation of the turbulator body axis 400, when formed, about the channel center axis 355 (or axis parallel to it) in a plane extending in the lengthwise direction 395L and heightwise direction 395H (i.e., a third plane). For example, changing the pitch angle 412 of a turbulator results in repositioning the leading and trailing edges of a turbulator, e.g., by lowering one of the leading and trailing edges of the turbulator relative to the floor of the channel 130A and raising the other of the leading and trailing edges relative to the floor. That is, such motion would be equivalent to a cylinder that extends transversely along the channel 130A being turned about its center axis. The pitch angle 412 can be empirically measured for any turbulator shape that has any type of asymmetry when viewed along the transverse direction 395T of the channel 130A toward the third plane (e.g., from the viewpoint of the transverse sides 270, 280 of the channel 130A).

[0046] None of the turbulators identified in this disclosure have an infinite number of lines of symmetry. Thus, each of the turbulators identified in this disclosure can be repositioned due to a change of a yaw, roll or pitch angle.

[0047] As shown in FIGS. 4, 6 and 8, in the first and second sets of turbulators 330A, 330B, each leading edge 370 is adjacent a respective transverse side of the channel 130A and each trailing edge 390 is adjacent the channel center axis 355. In the first and second sets of turbulators 330A, 330B, each of the turbulators 330 is disposed at a same yaw, roll and pitch angles 410, 411, 412, though this is not intended on limiting the scope of the embodiments. As shown, the turbulator body axis 400 can be configured at a yaw angle 410 so that transversely adjacent turbulators 330 converge in the upstream direction. The turbulators 330 can be space apart from each other along the channel center axis 355 by a same distance 430, e.g., measured between the leading edge 370 of adjacent turbulators 330. It is withing the scope of the embodiments for the tabulations to be spaced apart by mutually unique or a plurality of unique distances.

[0048] As shown in the embodiments in FIGS. 4 and 6, the leading edge 370 (e.g., edges 370A, 370B in FIG. 6) of each transversely adjacent turbulator 330 is aligned with each other along the channel center axis 355. Alternatively, as shown in the embodiment in FIG. 8 the trialing edge 390 of each transversely adjacent turbulator 330 is offset from each other along the channel center axis 355. For example the trailing edge 390A of one of the turbulators 330 in the first set 330A is halfway between the trailing edges 390B1, 390B2 of turbulators 330 in the second set 330B (FIG. 8), though this offset is not intended on limiting the scope of the embodiments. With this embodiment, the spacing-pitch of the airfoils is modified to generate turbulence while maintaining the flow rather completely restricting it. This way pressure drop can be controlled and turbulence that is needed can be increased to increase a heat transfer (via increasing a heat transfer coefficient) for cooling.

[0049] Turning to the embodiment in FIGS. 9-10, as indicated, the turbulators 330 can be airfoil shaped and include a leading edge 370 that defines a blunt-nosed edge, a body 400 and a trailing edge 390 that defines a tapered edge. In each of the first and second sets of turbulators 330A, 330B, adjacent pairs of the airfoil shaped turbulators can be configured so that the leading edges 370, e.g., edges 370A, 370B, can be adjacent to, and face each other, along the channel center axis 355. Trailing edges 390, e.g., edges 390A, 390B can be spaced apart from each other along the channel center axis 355. In addition, the trailing edges 390 of the turbulators in both sets 330A, 330B can be adjacent to the channel center axis 355. The leading edges 370 of the first set 330A of turbulators can be adjacent to the first transverse side 270 of the coolant channel 130. The leading edges 370 of the second set 330B of turbulators can be adjacent to the second transverse side 280 of the coolant channel 130.

[0050] The turbulators 330 in the first set 330A can be offset from turbulators 330 in the second set 330B along the channel center axis 355 so that pairs of the leading edges 370 (e.g., 370A1, 370B1) of the turbulators in the first set 330A can be located between (e.g., halfway between) adjacent pairs of the trailing edges 390 (e.g., 390A1, 390B1) of the turbulators in the second set 330B.

[0051] It is within the scope of each embodiment herein for the turbulators to be connected to the plate or the seal rather than the base. The tabulators can be formed as part of the plate, base or seal or can be attached after formation. It is to be appreciated that by providing differing heights to the turbulators and different spacings between the turbulators, the channel is configured to provide higher-turbulence portion and a lower-turbulence portion. The base, as indicated, contains cooling channels and the turbulators may include a combination of different types of protrusions, dimples or other turbulators (ribs or airfoils, for example) to enhance heat transfer. The arrangement, size, height, and/or pitch of the said protrusions, dimples or other turbulators can be varied to accommodate any specific cooling requirement by the battery module design.

[0052] As indicated above, the embodiments disclosed herein relate to a hybrid cooling tray design for an electric vehicle battery module. The cooling tray has of a top (or cover) that is a metal (aluminum) plate and a bottom polymer (e.g., plastic) base (or tray) with channels for coolant to pass through. The plate and base can be bonded by an adhesive to prevent coolant leakage. The turbulators can be joined to the cover. The turbulators can be bonded to the cover. Bonding can include welding and/or adhesive bonding. The parts can also be clamped together and sealed with an elastomeric ring or gasket. The base can be configured with a coolant channel layout that provides for cooling/heating of battery module. The base allows incorporation of turbulator features to enhance heat transfer performance. The base allows for an arrangement of turbulator features that reduce a temperature gradient in the battery module. The base, manufactured of a material with a low thermal conductivity, provides an effective thermal insulation to reduce heat transfer with the environment. The embodiments herein provide an optimized design of a coolant channel layout that can be incorporated to enhance overall heat transfer performance while maintaining reasonable pressure drop.

[0053] EXAMPLES

[0054] FIGS. 11 and 12 shows first and second designs 450, 460 of coolant channels for comparison. The simple straight channel of the first design 450 is used as the baseline case to compare the performance of an alternative design with rib turbulators of the second design 460. The rib turbulators are disposed in symmetrical pairs across the channel 130. A first set of the rib turbulatorsl 112 can be disposed along a first channel portion 1106 on one side of the channel 130. A second set of rib turbulators 1114 can be disposed in a second channel portion 1108. The first set of rib turbulators 1112 can mirror the second set of rib turbulators 1114, such as alongside a plane that is perpendicular to a bottom 1104 and generally parallel the flow direction 360. The first set of rib turbulators 1112 can be spaced apart from the second set of rib turbulators 1114. The first set of rib turbulators 1112 can be spaced apart from a wall 1102. The second set of rib turbulators can be spaced apart from a wall 1116. Each of the rib turbulators of a set can be angled 1110 with respect to a datum 1118 that extends transverse the channel 130. [0055] In this example, varying pitch distance 470 and increasing a height of the turbulator 480 (e.g., ribs) (e.g., in a base thickness direction) along the length or flow direction 480 is utilized to minimize the temperature variation at the cooling surface. The turbulators can increase in pitch distance and/or height from one to the next along a length of the channel 130. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation is used to examine the performance. The coolant of 50% water-glycol solution at 20 degrees C passes through the channel with a mean velocity of O.lm/s. A constant temperature of 30 degrees C at the surface of aluminum plate in contact with the coolant flow is assumed to examine the overall heat transfer performance. The overall heat transfer coefficient from the hot aluminum plate to the coolant flow is calculated to be 702 W/m2-K and 1160 W/m2- K for the baseline case and the second design 460 respectively. About 65% enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient is seen due to the incorporation of rib turbulators. Considering the pressure drop of 146 Pa/m and 198 Pa/m for the baseline case and the second design 460, the later provides better thermal-hydraulic performance.

[0056] Conjugate heat transfer is considered and the battery module in contact with a top 2mm aluminum plate is simplified as a heat source with constant heat flux of 10000W/m2 which simulates a quick heat buildup during fast charge of the battery. Figure 13 shows a temperature distribution along the top aluminum plate for both designs 450, 460. Except the entrance region, the customized arrangement of rib turbulators effectively minimizes a temperature variation at a cooling surface, which helps to maintain a uniform temperature distribution in the battery module.

[0057] In some embodiments, the base of the tray is made of thermoplastic material, as for example polypropylene with low specific gravity or thermally conductive polycarbonate, such as enUL94 V0 polyolefin compounds with high specific strength and specific stiffness, UL94 V0 high flow engineering thermoplastic compounds with good adhesive compatibility for thin gauge internal components, and any of a family of polyester compounds with low temperature ductility for impact absorbers. LEXAN 945 and CYCOLOY 7240 are also potential materials.

[0058] In some embodiments, some or all the thermoplastic material parts of the assembly may comprise one or more of the following: additives and/or stabilizers like anti-oxidants, UV stabilizers, pigments, dyes, adhesion promoters, and a flame retardant e.g. mixture of an organic phosphate compound (for example piperazine pyrophosphate, piperazine polyphosphate and combinations thereof), an organic phosphoric acid compound (for example phosphoric acid, melamine pyrophosphate, melamine polyphosphates, melamine phosphate) and combinations thereof, and zinc oxide, and/or a filler, e.g., fibers. For example, a fiber-filled polyolefin can be used. Possible fiber material may include at least one of glass, carbon, aramid, or plastic, preferably glass. The fiber length can be chopped, long, short, or continuous. In particular, long glass fiber-filled polypropylene (e.g. STAMAX™ available from SABIC) can be used. Long fibers can be defined to have an initial fiber length, before molding, of at least 3 mm.

[0059] FIG. 14 shows a top view of flow-reversing turbulators comprising tesla valves, according to some examples. A channel 130A leads to turbulators 1406. The turbulators 1406 can comprise a recess 1406, with an aerofoil 1404 shaped to nest in the recess, defining a gap 1408 between the two. The gap can be relatively uniform in width along its length from an gap entry 1410 to a gap exit 1412. The turbulators thus comprise one or more Tesla valves disposed along a length of the channel 130A.

[0060] FIG. 15A shows a baseline straight channel. FIG. 15B shows a rib turbulators, according to an example. FIG. 15C shows a topology optimized design. Different types of turbulators are evaluated using CFD simulations including rib turbulator and a customized design based on the topology optimization combining CFD and artificial intelligence using a generative design software, Diabatix. The top surface of the aluminum plate maintains a constant temperature of 30°C and an ethylene glycol solution at 20°C passes through the cooling plate with a flow rate of2 LPM. With reference specifically to FIG. 15B, the cooling channel 130 includes a lengthwise first column of rib turbulators 1502 that are parallel to one another, each having the same or comparable first yaw angles 1506 starting from 0 degrees. The first column is symmetrical with a second or adjacent column 1504. The adjacent column can have rib turbulators disposed at a second yaw angle, similar in magnitude as the first yaw angle, but subtracted from 180 degrees versus being added to the 0 degrees used to measure the first yaw angle. The rib turbulators can form rows across the columns, with the rows being parallel or substantially parallel to a wall of the coolant channel 130. The can be gaps between each column. There can be gaps between each row.

[0061] Table 1 summarizes the key results from the simulations of different designs including pressure drop and heat removal. The topology optimization design and rib turbulator design both show higher heat removals than the baseline straight channel with increased pressure drops. The overall thermal performance is calculated which shows about 40% and 50% improvements for the topology optimization design and rib turbulator design compared to the baseline case. In addition, the incorporation of turbulators leads to more uniform heat removal which is beneficial to the battery efficiency and longevity.

[0062] Table 1 shows simulation results for different designs: Table 1

[0063] FIG. 16 shows data pertaining to FIGS. 15A-C, and includes experimental measurements of aluminum plate surface temperature for different designs, including the designs for FIG. 15A and FIG 15B.

[0064] Experimental tests of the hybrid cooling plate concept were conducted for different designs. With a constant flux heater attached to the hybrid cooling plate, the surface temperature of the top aluminum plate was measured at different locations, i.e. near the flow inlet, in the middle, and near the flow outlet. Significant enhancement in the local heat transfer coefficient was achieved for the rib turbulator design compared to the straight channel which led to lower surface temperature in the middle and near the flow outlet as shown in the figure below.

[0065] The term “battery” is defined herein to include all kind of batteries, preferentially but not limited lithium ion batteries, in particular the one comprising pouch battery cell(s), which may undergo swelling due to the buildup of pressure within the cell. Swelling may result in shifting of the internal components of the pouch cells. For example, the electrode of the pouch cell may separate, degrading the chemical properties of the prismatic cell. Further, uncontrolled swelling of the pouch cells may drastically decrease their efficiency and product life. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide compression to the pouch cells to protect their chemical integrity, and thus their efficiency and product life.

[0066] The term “battery pack” is defined herein to include a battery enclosure containing a battery according to various examples.

[0067] The term “Electric vehicle battery assembly” is defined herein to include at least a battery pack surrounded by a frame to maintain it, an upper enclosure and a lower enclosure.

[0068] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, element components, and/or groups thereof.

[0069] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that various example embodiments are shown and described herein, each having certain features in the particular embodiments, but the present disclosure is not thus limited. Rather, the present disclosure can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions, combinations, sub-combinations, or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the scope of the present disclosure. Additionally, while various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described, it is to be understood that aspects of the present disclosure may include only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the present disclosure is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.