Description

The present invention relates to powdery mildew resistant grapevine plants (Vitis spp.) and to methods and means for providing the present powdery mildew resistance to PM susceptible grapevine plants and to methods and means for providing the present powdery mildew resistant grapevine plants.

Erysiphe necator, also designated as Uncinula necator, is a fungus causing powdery mildew disease symptoms in grape. The fungus is a common pathogen for Vitis species of which the most important species is Vitis vinifera.

Grapevine requires large amounts of pesticides, particularly fungicides, to prevent yield losses. Between 1992 and 2003, 73% of the fungicides sold in France, Italy, Spain and Germany, were used for grapevine protection, a crop that covers only 8% of the land used for agriculture in the considered countries (EUROSTAT, 2007).

Grapevine powdery mildew (PM) caused by the fungus Erysiphe necator, is one of the most economically relevant diseases of grapevine worldwide. Erysiphe necator is an obligate biotroph that can infect all green tissues of grapevine and causes significant losses in yield and berry quality. PM symptoms are a white or grey powder covering of the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. Fruit infections result in shriveling or cracking of the berries. The quality of the fruit is severely damaged, with increased acidity and decreased anthocyanin and sugar content.

Powdery mildew is controlled with frequent applications of chemical fungicides. However, the intense application of chemical fungicides has several drawbacks. First of all, the effects on environment of fungicides are well documented. Secondly, the costs of the chemicals and their applications can reach up to 20% of the total expenses for grape production in some areas. Thirdly, the development of resistant populations of the pathogen was already documented by Baudoin et al. (2008) and Dufour et al. (2011), strongly reducing the efficacy of chemical treatments. Therefore, there is increasing interest in the development of new alternative methods to chemical treatments.

The generation of PM-resistant varieties is one of the best options to make sustainable grapevine cultivation a realistic possibility, preserving at the same time the incomes of the growers. A study carried out on “Chardonnay” production in California, showed that the use of PM-resistant variety could save to the growers around 720 $/ha, with a significant reduction of fungicide usage (Fuller et al., 2014). Most cultivars of the European grapevine (Vitis vinifera), which includes the world’s finest and most widely planted wine and table grapevine cultivars, are highly susceptible to PM (Gadoury et al 2003). In contrast, North American Vitis species co-evolved with E. necator and possess various levels of resistance to the pathogen (Fung et al, 2008). This resistance could be introgressed by crossing Vitis vinifera with one of the resistant American Vitis species, but breeding is a slow process in grapevine and the acceptance of resistant hybrids by producers and consumers has been limited in the past (Fuller et al, 2014). The use of technologies like genetic transformation or high-throughput marker-assisted selection can be used to obtain resistant grapevine cultivars with desirable grape properties for producers and consumers (Feechan et al, 2013a).

The most common strategy to develop resistant plants is focused on the introgression of resistance genes (R-genes). R-genes encode proteins that recognize pathogen effectors and trigger defense response, mediated by a signaling network in which plant hormones play a major role (Pavan et al, 2010). Resistance is manifested as localized hypersensitive response at the site of infection (Bari and Jones, 2009). Resistance conferred by R-genes is scarcely durable, as mutations of pathogen effectors, allow it to overcome resistance (Parlevliet et al, 1993).

An alternative approach is based on the inactivation of susceptibility genes (S- genes), defined as genes whose loss-of-function results in recessively inherited resistance (Pavan et al, 2010). Some pathogens are able to suppress plant defense by activating plant proteins which function is the negative regulation of plant immunity system. The genes encoding these plant proteins are known as susceptibility genes (S-genes) and their knock-out release the suppression of plant defense and lead to resistance (Pavan et al, 2010). The disadvantage of S-genes is the pleiotropic phenotypes sometimes associated to their knock-out (Pavan et al 2011).

Mildew Locus O ( MLO ) genes are a typical example of PM S-genes.

Resistance due to the knock-out of an MLO gene ( mlo resistance) was discovered in barley in 1992 (Jprgensen, 1992) and for a long time was considered as a unique form of resistance. However, further studies revealed that MLO genes are largely conserved across the plant kingdom and their loss-of-function resulted in resistance in several species, such as Arabidopsis (Consonni et al, 2006), pea (Pavan et al, 2011), tomato (Bai et al, 2008) and pepper (Zheng et al, 2013). Not all MLO genes are S-genes and MLO family members are divided in seven clades (Acevedo-Garcia et al, 2014; Pessina et al, 2014). Only two clades contain S-genes: clade IV contains all monocots S-genes (Panstruga et al., 2005; Reinstadler et al, 2010); and clade V contains all dicots S-genes (Consonni et al, 2006; Bai et al, 2008; Feechan et al, 2008; Winterhagen et al, 2008). Not all the members of clades IV and V are S-genes. International patent application WO 2017/005747 discloses four MLO genes designated VvML06, VvML07, VvMLOll and VvML013. According to WO 2017/005747, VvML07 is a major powdery mildew resistance providing gene while VvML06 and VvMLOll are identified as genes providing additive resistance. WO 2017/005747 discloses that downregulation of VvML013 expression does not provide powdery mildew resistance in grapevine.

Considering the economic impact of an Erysiphe necator infection on grape production, there is a continuing need in the art for Erysiphe necator resistance providing genes.

It is an object of the present invention, amongst other objects, to meet this need of the art.

According to the present invention, the above object, amongst other objects is met by providing impaired Erysiphe necator resistance providing genes as outlined in the appended claims.

Specifically, the above object, amongst other objects, is met according to a first aspect of the present invention by a grapevine plant (Vitis spp.) comprising in its genome an impaired Erysiphe necator resistance conferring gene, wherein the corresponding not impaired Erysiphe necator resistance conferring gene designated VvML013 encodes a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 1, or proteins having 95% sequence identity therewith, wherein the impairment results in an absence of a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 1, or proteins having 95% sequence identity therewith, in said grapevine plant and wherein the grapevine plant is resistant to powdery mildew.

The present inventors have surprisingly discovered that despite prior art disclosured that VvML013 is not a powdery mildew resistance providing gene, absence of expression of this gene provides substantially complete resistance against Erysiphe necator in grapevine, i.e. the leaves of grapevine are substantially free of powdery mildew sporulation.

Within the context of the present invention, a grapevine is considered to be resistant to powdery mildew when detached leaves of a grapevine stem at a growth stadium of 7 to 11 leaves per stem show less than 10%, such as less than 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% sporulation as compared to wild-type leaves at 5 to 15 dpi infection with Erysiphe necator.

Without wishing to be limited to an underlying mechanism of the powdery mildew resistance observed, the presently disclosed powdery mildew resistance based on VvML013 appears to be due to a complete reduction of expression of VvML013 of both genes (2n) either by complete disruption of transcription or mutation of the proteins encoded by both genes rendering these proteins no longer capable of performing their function in grapevine.

Accordingly, the present invention, according to a preferred embodiment, relates to grapevine plants, wherein the absence of a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 comprises one or more mutations in the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA comprising SEQ ID No. 2.

Alternatively, the present invention, according to a preferred embodiment, relates to grapevine plants, wherein the absence of a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 comprises one or more mutations in the not impaired Erysiphe necator resistance conferring gene designated VvMLOli resulting in an absence of expression thereof.

According to the present invention, the present one or more mutations comprise deletions, insertions or substitutions in the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA comprising SEQ ID No. 2. Examples of such mutations are 1 or 2 base pair deletions or insertions in SEQ ID No. 2 causing frameshifts, base pair changes resulting in a triplet coding another amino acid, i.e. amino acid substitutions or deletion of a triplet.

According to another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to grapevine plants, wherein the absence of a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 comprises the impaired Erysiphe necator resistance conferring gene to encode a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID No. 3 (1 bp deletion in SEQ ID No. 2), SEQ ID No. 4 (triplet deletion in SEQ ID No. 2), or SEQ ID No. 5 (1 bp insertion in SEQ ID No. 2), or combinations thereof or a protein comprising an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID No. 6 (encoded by SEQ ID No. 3), SEQ ID No. 7 (encoded by SEQ ID No. 4), or SEQ ID No. 8 (encoded by SEQ ID No. 5), or combinations thereof.

According to an especially preferred embodiment, the present invention relates grapevine plants wherein the absence of a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 comprises the impaired Erysiphe necator resistance conferring gene (2n) to encode a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID No. 3 and SEQ ID No. 4, SEQ ID No. 3 and SEQ ID No. 5, SEQ ID No. 4 and SEQ ID No. 5, SEQ ID No. 3 and SEQ ID No. 3, SEQ ID No. 4 and SEQ ID No. 4, SEQ ID No. 5 and SEQ ID No. 5.

The present grapevine plants further preferably comprise in their genome one or more Erysiphe necator resistance conferring genes, preferably one or more Erysiphe necator resistance conferring genes selected from the group consisting of VvML06, VvML07 and VvMLOll.

The present invention also relates to methods for providing a powdery mildew resistant grapevine plant, the method comprises the step of mutating a gene designated VvMLOli encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 in powdery mildew suceptible grapevine plant. The present methods preferably comprise mutating a gene designated VvMLOli encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 by introducing a deletion, insertion of substitution in a cDNA sequence comprising SEQ ID No. 2. The present invention additionally relates to seeds, fruits or plant parts of the present grapevine plant.

The present invention further relates to impaired powdery mildew resistance conferring genes designated VvML013, wherein the impaired powdery mildew resistance conferring genes encode a protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 6, SEQ ID No. 7 and SEQ ID No. 8, powdery mildew resistance providing proteins, the proteins comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 6, SEQ ID No. 7 and SEQ ID No. 8 and use thereof for introducing or identifying powdery mildew resistance in a grapevine plant.

The present invention will be further detailed in the example below. In the example, reference is made to figures wherein:

Figure 1: shows the results of a PM assay on detached leaves of wild type and mlol3 plants.

Wild type leaves show complete sporulation, mlol3 leaves are clean of PM sporulation at 14dpi;

Figure 2: shows hyphal growth of PM visualized using specific staining on a microscopic image. PM infection on leaves at 14 dpi in the wild type (on the right) and the mlol3 mutant (on the left). There is clearly less hyphal growth in the mutant compared to its wild type;

Figure 3: shows a PM assay on detached leaves of wild type (on the left) and mlol3 leaves (on the right). Wild type leaves show complete sporulation, mlol3 leaves are clean of PM sporulation at 13dpi;

Figure 4: shows quantification of PM sporulation in wild type and mlol3 mutant leaves.

Percentage of leaf area covered by PM sporulation was determined for 3 wild type leaves and 3 mlol3 leaves 10 dpi. Example

Material and methods

Leaves to be tested in a detached-leaf-assay were taken from grapevine plants grown in pots till they reached a stage of at least 8-10 leaves per stem. From the top of each stem, the second, third and fourth leaf were used as test leaves. They were surface-sterilized in a bath of 1% bleach for 2 minutes, and then rinsed three times in sterile water, by soaking them for two minutes, and then let to dry in sterile conditions (laminar flow hood).

A 1 % agar layer of about 1 cm was poured in a sterile plastic box, or sterile plates, and then covered by sterile filter paper. Test leaves were laid on the paper ensuring that the petiole is sticking in the underneath agar layer. Using a PM infected leaf with visible sporulation on its surface as inoculum, E. necator spores were distributed on the test leaves by the aid of an air pump.

Box/plates were covered by a lid and stored in a growth chamber conditions with the following settings: 16 h light period, 21 °C and 21% RH. Scoring was performed at several timepoints indicated in the figures by calculating the surface area of leaves covered by powdery mildew or making pictures of the leaves.

PM hyphae were visualized by aniline blue coloration on infected leaves previously treated with ethanol:(glacial)acetic acid 3:1 as described in detail in "Pessina et al., 2016)". Leaf sections were mounted on glass slides and observed with a microscope Leica MZ16F.

Results

Mutant plants were generated by Agrobacterium- mediated transformation of young embryogenic calli of cv. Crimson seedless. Binary vectors constitutively expressing the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery were used to specifically target VvML013. Plants regenerated from such calli were then selected for kanamycin resistance and their DNA analyzed by next-generation sequencing (Ihumina®).

Plants were obtained edited in ML013 after NextGen sequencing confirmation (minimal sequencing depth lOOOx coverage). Several mlol3 alleles were obtained after sequencing and used for these experiments. The mlol3 mutant used in experiment 1 is biallelic with 1 bp insertion for one allele and 1 bp deletion for the other allele both causing frame shift mutations. For experiment 2, another mlol3 was used, this mutant contains a 3 bp deletion for one allele and an 1 bp deletion for the other allele.

Detached leaves from Crimson seedless were used in a PM assay as described in the M & M section. Experiment 1:

Figure 1 shows 2 detached leaves of wild type and mlol3 mutant plants. Whereas the wild type shows PM sporulation, the mlo!3 mutant does not show any sporulation. Picture was taken at 14dpi. To further analyze the phenotype of the wild type and mlol3 mutants, histological analysis was performed on the same leaf material by visualizing PM hyphae using aniline blue. As seen in Figure 2, in the wild type hyphae are present all over the leaf surface where they form dense structures, while on the mlol3 mutant they are visible in a limited number. This clearly illustrates that the mlol3 hardly supports pathogen growth.

Experiment 2:

Figure 3 shows an example of wild type leaf and mlol3 leaf that were used in a PM assay. Picture of the leaves were taken 10 dpi and show severe sporulation on the wild type leaf. The mlol3 mutant is resistant to PM as seen by the strongly reduced or absence of sporulation. To further analyze this, 3 wild type leaves and 3 mlol3 leaves were used for quantitative analysis. Figure 4 shows percentage of the leaf area covered with PM sporulation for 3 wild type leaves and 3 mlol3 mutant leaves. Wild type leaves have at least 80% of the surface area covered in PM sporulation while in the mlol3 this was absent or greatly reduced to maximum 5% area.

SEQUENCE LISTING

<110> FONDAZIONE EDMUND MACH

SCIENZA BIOTECHNOLOGIES 4 B.V.

<120> POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT GRAPEVINE PLANT

<130> P170839PC00

<160> 8

<170> BiSSAP 1.3.6

<210> 1 <211> 586 <212> PRT

<213> Vitis vinifera

<220>

<223> WT protein ML013

<400> 1

Met Ala Gly Ala Thr Gly Gly Arg Ser Leu Glu Gin Thr Pro Thr Trp 1 5 10 15

Ala Val Ala Val Val Cys Phe Val Leu Val Leu lie Ser lie lie lie 20 25 30

Glu Tyr lie lie His Leu Thr Gly Lys Trp Leu Lys Lys Lys His Lys 35 40 45

Arg Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala Leu Glu Lys Val Lys Ser Glu Leu Met Leu 50 55 60

Leu Gly Phe lie Ser Leu Leu Leu Thr Val Gly Gin Gly Leu lie Ser 65 70 75 80

Thr lie Cys lie Ser Lys Ser Val Ala Ala Thr Trp His Pro Cys Ser 85 90 95

Lys Ser Glu Glu Glu Lys Ser Thr Thr Thr Glu Glu Ser Asp Thr Glu 100 105 110

Ser Asp Asn Arg Arg Lys Leu Leu Ser lie Ser Gly Phe Gly Gly Gly 115 120 125

Ser Arg Arg Val Leu Ala Ala Ala Gly Glu Asp Lys Cys Ser Ala Lys 130 135 140

Gly Gin Ala Pro Phe Val Ser Ser Asp Ala lie His Gin Leu His lie 145 150 155 160

Phe lie Phe Val Leu Ala lie Phe His Val Leu Tyr Cys lie Leu Thr 165 170 175

Leu Ala Leu Gly Thr Ala Lys Met Arg Arg Trp Lys Ala Trp Glu Lys 180 185 190

Glu Thr Arg Thr Val Glu Tyr Gin Phe Ser His Asp Pro Glu Arg Phe 195 200 205

Arg Phe Ala Arg Glu Thr Ser Phe Gly Arg Arg His Leu Ser Phe Trp 210 215 220

Thr Asn Thr Pro Phe Leu lie Trp lie Val Cys Phe Phe Arg Gin Phe 225 230 235 240

Val Arg Ser Val Pro Lys Val Asp Tyr Phe Thr Leu Arg His Gly Phe 245 250 255 lie Met Ala His Leu Ala Pro Gin Ser His Ala Lys Phe Asp Phe Gin 260 265 270

Lys Tyr lie Asn Arg Ser Leu Glu Glu Asp Phe Lys Val Val Val Gly 275 280 285 lie Ser Pro Pro lie Trp Phe Phe Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Leu Leu Asn 290 295 300

Thr His Gly Trp Tyr Ser Tyr Leu Trp Leu Pro Phe lie Pro Leu lie 305 310 315 320

Val lie Leu Leu Val Gly Thr Lys Leu Gin Val lie lie Thr Lys Met 325 330 335

Gly Leu Arg lie Gin Glu Arg Gly Glu Val Val Lys Gly Val Pro Val 340 345 350

Val Gin Leu Gly Asp Asp Leu Phe Trp Phe Asn Arg Pro Arg Leu Val 355 360 365

Leu Tyr Leu lie His Phe Val Leu Phe Gin Asn Ala Phe Gin Leu Ala 370 375 380

Phe Phe Ala Trp Thr Trp Tyr Glu Phe Gly Phe Lys Ser Cys Phe Tyr 385 390 395 400

Ala His Thr Glu Asp Val Val lie Arg lie Ser Met Gly Val lie lie 405 410 415

Gin lie Leu Cys Ser Tyr Val Thr Leu Pro Leu Tyr Ala Leu Val Thr 420 425 430

Gin Met Gly Ser Thr Met Lys Pro Thr lie Phe His Glu Arg Val Ala 435 440 445

Thr Ala Leu Arg Asn Trp His His Thr Ala Lys Lys Asn lie Lys His 450 455 460

Asn Lys His Ser Gly Leu Ala Thr Pro Met Ser Ser Arg Pro Thr Thr

465 470 475 480

Pro Ser Arg Gly Thr Ser Pro Ala Tyr Leu Leu Arg Tyr Tyr Arg Ser

485 490 495

Asp Met Asp Ser Leu Gin Ala Ser Pro Arg Arg Ser Asn Leu Asp Met 500 505 510

Glu His Trp Glu Thr Asp Gly Ser Pro Ser Pro Ser His Pro His His 515 520 525

Gly Asp Gly Ser Ser Ser His His Asn Gin Leu His Gin Gly Thr Ser 530 535 540

Leu Glu His Asp Arg Asp lie Ser Ala Pro Ser Ser Ser Gin Val Val

545 550 555 560

Pro Leu Pro Gin Pro Thr Leu His Gin His Glu lie Asp Val Val Arg

565 570 575

Lys Glu Phe Ser Phe Asp Arg Arg Glu Arg 580 585

<210> 2 <211> 1764 <212> DNA

<213> Vitis vinifera

<220>

<223> WT cDNA ML013

<400> 2 atggctgggg caaccggagg aaggtcgctg gagcagacgc cgacatgggc tgttgctgta 60 gtttgttttg ttttggtgtt gatttctatt atcattgagt acatcattca tctcactgga 120 aagtggttga agaagaaaca caagagagct ctatatgaag cgctggaaaa ggtcaaatca 180 gagctaatgt tgctagggtt catatccttg ctcctaacag taggacaagg tctgatatcg 240 actatatgta tatcaaagag tgttgcagca acttggcatc catgcagcaa gtctgaagaa 300 gagaagagca caacgactga agaatcagac accgaatccg ataatagacg aaaacttctc 360 agcatatcgg gttttggtgg aggcagccga cgcgttttgg cggcagctgg agaagacaaa 420 tgttcagcta agggtcaagc cccatttgtg tcgtcggatg ctattcacca actgcacata 480 ttcatcttcg tactggccat tttccatgtc ctttactgca tcttaaccct ggctttgggc 540 acagctaaga tgagaaggtg gaaggcatgg gaaaaggaaa caagaacagt cgagtaccag 600 ttctcccacg atccggagag gttcaggttt gccagggaga cgtcttttgg aagaaggcac 660 ttgagtttct ggaccaatac accctttctc atctggatag tatgtttctt cagacagttc 720 gttaggtccg ttccaaaagt tgactacttc accttaagac atggatttat catggcacat 780 ttggcacctc aaagccatgc aaaatttgat ttccaaaaat atatcaatag atcgctggag 840 gaggatttca aggtggttgt gggtatcagt ccaccaatat ggttctttgc cgtgctattc 900 cttctcctca acactcatgg ctggtactct tatctatggc tgccattcat cccactgatt 960 gttatcctat tggtgggaac caagttacag gtgatcataa ccaagatggg gcttagaatt 1020 caagaaaggg gagaggttgt gaagggagtg ccggttgttc agcttggtga tgacctcttc 1080 tggttcaatc gccctcgcct cgttctctac ctcatccatt ttgtgctctt tcagaacgca 1140 tttcagctgg ctttcttcgc atggacttgg tatgaattcg ggtttaagtc ttgtttctat 1200 gcacacactg aagatgtggt gatcaggatt tccatggggg tcatcataca gattctttgc 1260 agctacgtaa ctctcccgct ctatgccctg gtgacacaga tgggttcaac catgaagcca 1320 acgatcttcc atgagagagt agccacggct ctaaggaact ggcaccacac ggctaagaaa 1380 aacatcaaac acaacaagca ttctgggcta gccacaccca tgtcaagtag gccaacaacg 1440 ccttcccgcg gcacgtcccc tgcttacctc ttgcgctact accggagcga catggacagc 1500 ctccaagcat ccccgagaag gtccaacttg gacatggagc attgggagac tgatgggtcc 1560 ccctccccct cgcacccgca ccatggtgac ggctcatcct ctcaccacaa ccagctccac 1620 caaggaacgt ccttggaaca tgatagagac atcagcgcgc ctagctcctc ccaagtggtt 1680 cctcttccac aacccactct ccaccaacac gaaatcgatg ttgtgcgcaa ggaattttca 1740 tttgatcgaa gagagaggac gtga 1764

<210> 3 <211> 1763 <212> DNA

<213> Vitis vinifera

<220>

<223> cDNA ML0131 bp deletion

<400> 3 atggctgggg caaccggagg aaggtcgctg gagcagacgc cgacatgggc tgttgctgta 60 gtttgttttg ttttggtgtt gatttctatt atcattgagt acatcattca tctcactgga 120 aagtggttga agaagaaaca caagagagct ctatatgaag cgctggaaaa ggtcaaatca 180 gagctaatgt tgctagggtt catatccttg ctcctaacag taggacaagg tctgatatcg 240 actatatgta tatcaaagag tgttgcagca acttggcatc catgcagcaa gtctgaagaa 300 gagaagagca caacgactga agaatcagac accgaatccg ataatagacg aaaacttctc 360 agcatatcgg gttttggtgg aggcagccga cgcgttttgg cggcagctgg agaagacaaa 420 tgttcagcta agggtcaagc cccatttgtg tcgtcggatg ctattcacca actgcacata 480 ttcatcttcg tactggccat tttccatgtc ctttactgca tcttaaccct ggctttgggc 540 acagctaaga tgagaaggtg gaaggcatgg gaaaaggaaa caagaacagt cgagtaccag 600 ttctcccacg atccggagag gttcaggttt gccagggaga cgtcttttgg aagaaggcac 660 ttgagtttct ggaccaatac accctttctc atctggatag tatgtttctt cagacagttc 720 gttaggtccg ttccaaaagt tgactacttc accttaagac atggatttat catggcacat 780 ttggcacctc aaagccatgc aaaatttgat ttccaaaaat atatcaatag atcgctggag 840 gaggatttca aggtggttgt gggtatcagt ccaccaatat ggttctttgc cgtgctattc 900 cttctcctca acactcatgg ctggtactct tatctatggc tgccattcat cccactgatt 960 gttatcctat tggtgggaac caagttacag gtgatcataa ccaagatggg gcttagaatt 1020 caagaaaggg gagaggttgt gaagggagtg ccggttgttc agcttggtga tgacctcttc 1080 tggttcaatc gccctcgcct cgttctctac ctcatccatt ttgtgctctt tcagaacgca 1140 tttcagctgg ctttcttcgc atggacttgg tatgaattcg ggtttaagtc ttgtttctat 1200 gcacacactg aagatgtggt gatcaggatt tccatggggg tcatcataca gattctttgc 1260 agctacgtaa ctctcccgct ctatgccctg gtgacacaga tgggttcaac catgaagcca 1320 acgatcttcc atgagagagt agccacggct ctaaggaact ggcaccacac ggctaagaaa 1380 aacatcaaac acaacaagca ttctgggcta gccacaccca tgtcaagtag gccaacacgc 1440 cttcccgcgg cacgtcccct gcttacctct tgcgctacta ccggagcgac atggacagcc 1500 tccaagcatc cccgagaagg tccaacttgg acatggagca ttgggagact gatgggtccc 1560 cctccccctc gcacccgcac catggtgacg gctcatcctc tcaccacaac cagctccacc 1620 aaggaacgtc cttggaacat gatagagaca tcagcgcgcc tagctcctcc caagtggttc 1680 ctcttccaca acccactctc caccaacacg aaatcgatgt tgtgcgcaag gaattttcat 1740 ttgatcgaag agagaggacg tga 1763 <210> 4 <211> 1761 <212> DNA

<213> Vitis vinifera

<220>

<223> cDNA ML0133 bp deletion

<400> 4 atggctgggg caaccggagg aaggtcgctg gagcagacgc cgacatgggc tgttgctgta 60 gtttgttttg ttttggtgtt gatttctatt atcattgagt acatcattca tctcactgga 120 aagtggttga agaagaaaca caagagagct ctatatgaag cgctggaaaa ggtcaaatca 180 gagctaatgt tgctagggtt catatccttg ctcctaacag taggacaagg tctgatatcg 240 actatatgta tatcaaagag tgttgcagca acttggcatc catgcagcaa gtctgaagaa 300 gagaagagca caacgactga agaatcagac accgaatccg ataatagacg aaaacttctc 360 agcatatcgg gttttggtgg aggcagccga cgcgttttgg cggcagctgg agaagacaaa 420 tgttcagcta agggtcaagc cccatttgtg tcgtcggatg ctattcacca actgcacata 480 ttcatcttcg tactggccat tttccatgtc ctttactgca tcttaaccct ggctttgggc 540 acagctaaga tgagaaggtg gaaggcatgg gaaaaggaaa caagaacagt cgagtaccag 600 ttctcccacg atccggagag gttcaggttt gccagggaga cgtcttttgg aagaaggcac 660 ttgagtttct ggaccaatac accctttctc atctggatag tatgtttctt cagacagttc 720 gttaggtccg ttccaaaagt tgactacttc accttaagac atggatttat catggcacat 780 ttggcacctc aaagccatgc aaaatttgat ttccaaaaat atatcaatag atcgctggag 840 gaggatttca aggtggttgt gggtatcagt ccaccaatat ggttctttgc cgtgctattc 900 cttctcctca acactcatgg ctggtactct tatctatggc tgccattcat cccactgatt 960 gttatcctat tggtgggaac caagttacag gtgatcataa ccaagatggg gcttagaatt 1020 caagaaaggg gagaggttgt gaagggagtg ccggttgttc agcttggtga tgacctcttc 1080 tggttcaatc gccctcgcct cgttctctac ctcatccatt ttgtgctctt tcagaacgca 1140 tttcagctgg ctttcttcgc atggacttgg tatgaattcg ggtttaagtc ttgtttctat 1200 gcacacactg aagatgtggt gatcaggatt tccatggggg tcatcataca gattctttgc 1260 agctacgtaa ctctcccgct ctatgccctg gtgacacaga tgggttcaac catgaagcca 1320 acgatcttcc atgagagagt agccacggct ctaaggaact ggcaccacac ggctaagaaa 1380 aacatcaaac acaacaagca ttctgggcta gccacaccca tgtcaagtag gccaacgcct 1440 tcccgcggca cgtcccctgc ttacctcttg cgctactacc ggagcgacat ggacagcctc 1500 caagcatccc cgagaaggtc caacttggac atggagcatt gggagactga tgggtccccc 1560 tccccctcgc acccgcacca tggtgacggc tcatcctctc accacaacca gctccaccaa 1620 ggaacgtcct tggaacatga tagagacatc agcgcgccta gctcctccca agtggttcct 1680 cttccacaac ccactctcca ccaacacgaa atcgatgttg tgcgcaagga attttcattt 1740 gatcgaagag agaggacgtg a 1761

<210> 5 <211> 1765 <212> DNA

<213> Vitis vinifera

<220>

<223> cDNA ML0131 bp insertion <400> 5 atggctgggg caaccggagg aaggtcgctg gagcagacgc cgacatgggc tgttgctgta 60 gtttgttttg ttttggtgtt gatttctatt atcattgagt acatcattca tctcactgga 120 aagtggttga agaagaaaca caagagagct ctatatgaag cgctggaaaa ggtcaaatca 180 gagctaatgt tgctagggtt catatccttg ctcctaacag taggacaagg tctgatatcg 240 actatatgta tatcaaagag tgttgcagca acttggcatc catgcagcaa gtctgaagaa 300 gagaagagca caacgactga agaatcagac accgaatccg ataatagacg aaaacttctc 360 agcatatcgg gttttggtgg aggcagccga cgcgttttgg cggcagctgg agaagacaaa 420 tgttcagcta agggtcaagc cccatttgtg tcgtcggatg ctattcacca actgcacata 480 ttcatcttcg tactggccat tttccatgtc ctttactgca tcttaaccct ggctttgggc 540 acagctaaga tgagaaggtg gaaggcatgg gaaaaggaaa caagaacagt cgagtaccag 600 ttctcccacg atccggagag gttcaggttt gccagggaga cgtcttttgg aagaaggcac 660 ttgagtttct ggaccaatac accctttctc atctggatag tatgtttctt cagacagttc 720 gttaggtccg ttccaaaagt tgactacttc accttaagac atggatttat catggcacat 780 ttggcacctc aaagccatgc aaaatttgat ttccaaaaat atatcaatag atcgctggag 840 gaggatttca aggtggttgt gggtatcagt ccaccaatat ggttctttgc cgtgctattc 900 cttctcctca acactcatgg ctggtactct tatctatggc tgccattcat cccactgatt 960 gttatcctat tggtgggaac caagttacag gtgatcataa ccaagatggg gcttagaatt 1020 caagaaaggg gagaggttgt gaagggagtg ccggttgttc agcttggtga tgacctcttc 1080 tggttcaatc gccctcgcct cgttctctac ctcatccatt ttgtgctctt tcagaacgca 1140 tttcagctgg ctttcttcgc atggacttgg tatgaattcg ggtttaagtc ttgtttctat 1200 gcacacactg aagatgtggt gatcaggatt tccatggggg tcatcataca gattctttgc 1260 agctacgtaa ctctcccgct ctatgccctg gtgacacaga tgggttcaac catgaagcca 1320 acgatcttcc atgagagagt agccacggct ctaaggaact ggcaccacac ggctaagaaa 1380 aacatcaaac acaacaagca ttctgggcta gccacaccca tgtcaagtag gccaacatac 1440 gccttcccgc ggcacgtccc ctgcttacct cttgcgctac taccggagcg acatggacag 1500 cctccaagca tccccgagaa ggtccaactt ggacatggag cattgggaga ctgatgggtc 1560 cccctccccc tcgcacccgc accatggtga cggctcatcc tctcaccaca accagctcca 1620 ccaaggaacg tccttggaac atgatagaga catcagcgcg cctagctcct cccaagtggt 1680 tcctcttcca caacccactc tccaccaaca cgaaatcgat gttgtgcgca aggaattttc 1740 atttgatcga agagagagga cgtga 1765

<210> 6 <211> 587 <212> PRT

<213> Vitis vinifera

<220>

<223> protein encoded by SEQ ID No. 3

<400> 6

Met Ala Gly Ala Thr Gly Gly Arg Ser Leu Glu Gin Thr Pro Thr Trp 1 5 10 15

Ala Val Ala Val Val Cys Phe Val Leu Val Leu lie Ser lie lie lie 20 25 30

Glu Tyr lie lie His Leu Thr Gly Lys Trp Leu Lys Lys Lys His Lys 35 40 45

Arg Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala Leu Glu Lys Val Lys Ser Glu Leu Met Leu 50 55 60 Leu Gly Phe lie Ser Leu Leu Leu Thr Val Gly Gin Gly Leu lie Ser 65 70 75 80

Thr lie Cys lie Ser Lys Ser Val Ala Ala Thr Trp His Pro Cys Ser 85 90 95

Lys Ser Glu Glu Glu Lys Ser Thr Thr Thr Glu Glu Ser Asp Thr Glu 100 105 110

Ser Asp Asn Arg Arg Lys Leu Leu Ser lie Ser Gly Phe Gly Gly Gly 115 120 125

Ser Arg Arg Val Leu Ala Ala Ala Gly Glu Asp Lys Cys Ser Ala Lys 130 135 140

Gly Gin Ala Pro Phe Val Ser Ser Asp Ala lie His Gin Leu His lie 145 150 155 160

Phe lie Phe Val Leu Ala lie Phe His Val Leu Tyr Cys lie Leu Thr 165 170 175

Leu Ala Leu Gly Thr Ala Lys Met Arg Arg Trp Lys Ala Trp Glu Lys 180 185 190

Glu Thr Arg Thr Val Glu Tyr Gin Phe Ser His Asp Pro Glu Arg Phe 195 200 205

Arg Phe Ala Arg Glu Thr Ser Phe Gly Arg Arg His Leu Ser Phe Trp 210 215 220

Thr Asn Thr Pro Phe Leu lie Trp lie Val Cys Phe Phe Arg Gin Phe 225 230 235 240

Val Arg Ser Val Pro Lys Val Asp Tyr Phe Thr Leu Arg His Gly Phe 245 250 255 lie Met Ala His Leu Ala Pro Gin Ser His Ala Lys Phe Asp Phe Gin 260 265 270

Lys Tyr lie Asn Arg Ser Leu Glu Glu Asp Phe Lys Val Val Val Gly 275 280 285 lie Ser Pro Pro lie Trp Phe Phe Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Leu Leu Asn 290 295 300

Thr His Gly Trp Tyr Ser Tyr Leu Trp Leu Pro Phe lie Pro Leu lie 305 310 315 320

Val lie Leu Leu Val Gly Thr Lys Leu Gin Val lie lie Thr Lys Met 325 330 335

Gly Leu Arg lie Gin Glu Arg Gly Glu Val Val Lys Gly Val Pro Val 340 345 350

Val Gin Leu Gly Asp Asp Leu Phe Trp Phe Asn Arg Pro Arg Leu Val 355 360 365

Leu Tyr Leu lie His Phe Val Leu Phe Gin Asn Ala Phe Gin Leu Ala 370 375 380 Phe Phe Ala Trp Thr Trp Tyr Glu Phe Gly Phe Lys Ser Cys Phe Tyr 385 390 395 400

Ala His Thr Glu Asp Val Val lie Arg lie Ser Met Gly Val lie lie 405 410 415

Gin lie Leu Cys Ser Tyr Val Thr Leu Pro Leu Tyr Ala Leu Val Thr 420 425 430

Gin Met Gly Ser Thr Met Lys Pro Thr lie Phe His Glu Arg Val Ala 435 440 445

Thr Ala Leu Arg Asn Trp His His Thr Ala Lys Lys Asn lie Lys His 450 455 460

Asn Lys His Ser Gly Leu Ala Thr Pro Met Ser Ser Arg Pro Thr Arg 465 470 475 480

Leu Pro Ala Ala Arg Pro Leu Leu Thr Ser Cys Ala Thr Thr Gly Ala 485 490 495

Thr Trp Thr Ala Ser Lys His Pro Arg Glu Gly Pro Thr Trp Thr Trp

500 505 510

Ser lie Gly Arg Leu Met Gly Pro Pro Pro Pro Arg Thr Arg Thr Met

515 520 525

Val Thr Ala His Pro Leu Thr Thr Thr Ser Ser Thr Lys Glu Arg Pro 530 535 540

Trp Asn Met lie Glu Thr Ser Ala Arg Leu Ala Pro Pro Lys Trp Phe 545 550 555 560

Leu Phe His Asn Pro Leu Ser Thr Asn Thr Lys Ser Met Leu Cys Ala 565 570 575

Arg Asn Phe His Leu lie Glu Glu Arg Gly Arg

580 585

<210> 7 <211> 586 <212> PRT

<213> Vitis vinifera

<220>

<223> protein encoded by SEQ ID No. 4

<400> 7

Met Ala Gly Ala Thr Gly Gly Arg Ser Leu Glu Gin Thr Pro Thr Trp 1 5 10 15

Ala Val Ala Val Val Cys Phe Val Leu Val Leu lie Ser lie lie lie Glu Tyr lie lie His Leu Thr Gly Lys Trp Leu Lys Lys Lys His Lys 35 40 45

Arg Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala Leu Glu Lys Val Lys Ser Glu Leu Met Leu 50 55 60

Leu Gly Phe lie Ser Leu Leu Leu Thr Val Gly Gin Gly Leu lie Ser 65 70 75 80

Thr lie Cys lie Ser Lys Ser Val Ala Ala Thr Trp His Pro Cys Ser 85 90 95

Lys Ser Glu Glu Glu Lys Ser Thr Thr Thr Glu Glu Ser Asp Thr Glu 100 105 110

Ser Asp Asn Arg Arg Lys Leu Leu Ser lie Ser Gly Phe Gly Gly Gly 115 120 125

Ser Arg Arg Val Leu Ala Ala Ala Gly Glu Asp Lys Cys Ser Ala Lys 130 135 140

Gly Gin Ala Pro Phe Val Ser Ser Asp Ala lie His Gin Leu His lie 145 150 155 160

Phe lie Phe Val Leu Ala lie Phe His Val Leu Tyr Cys lie Leu Thr 165 170 175

Leu Ala Leu Gly Thr Ala Lys Met Arg Arg Trp Lys Ala Trp Glu Lys 180 185 190

Glu Thr Arg Thr Val Glu Tyr Gin Phe Ser His Asp Pro Glu Arg Phe 195 200 205

Arg Phe Ala Arg Glu Thr Ser Phe Gly Arg Arg His Leu Ser Phe Trp 210 215 220

Thr Asn Thr Pro Phe Leu lie Trp lie Val Cys Phe Phe Arg Gin Phe 225 230 235 240

Val Arg Ser Val Pro Lys Val Asp Tyr Phe Thr Leu Arg His Gly Phe 245 250 255 lie Met Ala His Leu Ala Pro Gin Ser His Ala Lys Phe Asp Phe Gin 260 265 270

Lys Tyr lie Asn Arg Ser Leu Glu Glu Asp Phe Lys Val Val Val Gly 275 280 285 lie Ser Pro Pro lie Trp Phe Phe Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Leu Leu Asn 290 295 300

Thr His Gly Trp Tyr Ser Tyr Leu Trp Leu Pro Phe lie Pro Leu lie 305 310 315 320

Val lie Leu Leu Val Gly Thr Lys Leu Gin Val lie lie Thr Lys Met 325 330 335

Gly Leu Arg lie Gin Glu Arg Gly Glu Val Val Lys Gly Val Pro Val 340 345 350

Val Gin Leu Gly Asp Asp Leu Phe Trp Phe Asn Arg Pro Arg Leu Val 355 360 365

Leu Tyr Leu lie His Phe Val Leu Phe Gin Asn Ala Phe Gin Leu Ala 370 375 380

Phe Phe Ala Trp Thr Trp Tyr Glu Phe Gly Phe Lys Ser Cys Phe Tyr 385 390 395 400

Ala His Thr Glu Asp Val Val lie Arg lie Ser Met Gly Val lie lie 405 410 415

Gin lie Leu Cys Ser Tyr Val Thr Leu Pro Leu Tyr Ala Leu Val Thr 420 425 430

Gin Met Gly Ser Thr Met Lys Pro Thr lie Phe His Glu Arg Val Ala 435 440 445

Thr Ala Leu Arg Asn Trp His His Thr Ala Lys Lys Asn lie Lys His 450 455 460

Asn Lys His Ser Gly Leu Ala Thr Pro Met Ser Ser Arg Pro Thr Pro 465 470 475 480

Ser Arg Gly Thr Ser Pro Ala Tyr Leu Leu Arg Tyr Tyr Arg Ser Asp 485 490 495

Met Asp Ser Leu Gin Ala Ser Pro Arg Arg Ser Asn Leu Asp Met Glu 500 505 510

His Trp Glu Thr Asp Gly Ser Pro Ser Pro Ser His Pro His His Gly 515 520 525

Asp Gly Ser Ser Ser His His Asn Gin Leu His Gin Gly Thr Ser Leu 530 535 540

Glu His Asp Arg Asp lie Ser Ala Pro Ser Ser Ser Gin Val Val Pro 545 550 555 560

Leu Pro Gin Pro Thr Leu His Gin His Glu lie Asp Val Val Arg Lys 565 570 575

Glu Phe Ser Phe Asp Arg Arg Glu Arg Thr 580 585

<210> 8 <211> 517 <212> PRT

<213> Vitis vinifera

<220>

<223> protein encoded by SEQ ID No. 5 <400> 8

Met Ala Gly Ala Thr Gly Gly Arg Ser Leu Glu Gin Thr Pro Thr Trp 1 5 10 15

Ala Val Ala Val Val Cys Phe Val Leu Val Leu lie Ser lie lie lie 20 25 30

Glu Tyr lie lie His Leu Thr Gly Lys Trp Leu Lys Lys Lys His Lys 35 40 45

Arg Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala Leu Glu Lys Val Lys Ser Glu Leu Met Leu 50 55 60

Leu Gly Phe lie Ser Leu Leu Leu Thr Val Gly Gin Gly Leu lie Ser 65 70 75 80

Thr lie Cys lie Ser Lys Ser Val Ala Ala Thr Trp His Pro Cys Ser 85 90 95

Lys Ser Glu Glu Glu Lys Ser Thr Thr Thr Glu Glu Ser Asp Thr Glu 100 105 110

Ser Asp Asn Arg Arg Lys Leu Leu Ser lie Ser Gly Phe Gly Gly Gly 115 120 125

Ser Arg Arg Val Leu Ala Ala Ala Gly Glu Asp Lys Cys Ser Ala Lys 130 135 140

Gly Gin Ala Pro Phe Val Ser Ser Asp Ala lie His Gin Leu His lie 145 150 155 160

Phe lie Phe Val Leu Ala lie Phe His Val Leu Tyr Cys lie Leu Thr 165 170 175

Leu Ala Leu Gly Thr Ala Lys Met Arg Arg Trp Lys Ala Trp Glu Lys 180 185 190

Glu Thr Arg Thr Val Glu Tyr Gin Phe Ser His Asp Pro Glu Arg Phe 195 200 205

Arg Phe Ala Arg Glu Thr Ser Phe Gly Arg Arg His Leu Ser Phe Trp 210 215 220

Thr Asn Thr Pro Phe Leu lie Trp lie Val Cys Phe Phe Arg Gin Phe 225 230 235 240

Val Arg Ser Val Pro Lys Val Asp Tyr Phe Thr Leu Arg His Gly Phe 245 250 255 lie Met Ala His Leu Ala Pro Gin Ser His Ala Lys Phe Asp Phe Gin 260 265 270

Lys Tyr lie Asn Arg Ser Leu Glu Glu Asp Phe Lys Val Val Val Gly 275 280 285 lie Ser Pro Pro lie Trp Phe Phe Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Leu Leu Asn

290 295 300 Thr His Gly Trp Tyr Ser Tyr Leu Trp Leu Pro Phe lie Pro Leu lie 305 310 315 320

Val lie Leu Leu Val Gly Thr Lys Leu Gin Val lie lie Thr Lys Met 325 330 335

Gly Leu Arg lie Gin Glu Arg Gly Glu Val Val Lys Gly Val Pro Val 340 345 350

Val Gin Leu Gly Asp Asp Leu Phe Trp Phe Asn Arg Pro Arg Leu Val 355 360 365

Leu Tyr Leu lie His Phe Val Leu Phe Gin Asn Ala Phe Gin Leu Ala 370 375 380

Phe Phe Ala Trp Thr Trp Tyr Glu Phe Gly Phe Lys Ser Cys Phe Tyr 385 390 395 400

Ala His Thr Glu Asp Val Val lie Arg lie Ser Met Gly Val lie lie 405 410 415

Gin lie Leu Cys Ser Tyr Val Thr Leu Pro Leu Tyr Ala Leu Val Thr 420 425 430

Gin Met Gly Ser Thr Met Lys Pro Thr lie Phe His Glu Arg Val Ala 435 440 445

Thr Ala Leu Arg Asn Trp His His Thr Ala Lys Lys Asn lie Lys His 450 455 460

Asn Lys His Ser Gly Leu Ala Thr Pro Met Ser Ser Arg Pro Thr Tyr 465 470 475 480

Ala Phe Pro Arg His Val Pro Cys Leu Pro Leu Ala Leu Leu Pro Glu 485 490 495

Arg His Gly Gin Pro Pro Ser lie Pro Glu Lys Val Gin Leu Gly His 500 505 510

Gly Ala Leu Gly Asp

515